SARS-CoV-2 EndoU-ribonuclease regulates RNA recombination and impacts viral fitness.

Coronaviruses (CoVs) maintain large RNA genomes that frequently undergoes mutations and recombination, contributing to their evolution and emergence. In this study, we find that SARS-CoV-2 has greater RNA recombination frequency than other human CoVs. In addition, coronavirus RNA recombination primarily occurs at uridine (U)-enriched RNA sequences.

Large language models, updates, and evaluation of automation tools for systematic reviews: a summary of significant discussions at the eighth meeting of the International Collaboration for the Automation of Systematic Reviews (ICASR).

The eighth meeting of the International Collaboration for the Automation of Systematic Reviews (ICASR) was held on September 7 and 8, 2023, at the University College London, London, England. ICASR is an interdisciplinary group whose goal is to maximize the use of technology for conducting rapid, accurate, and efficient evidence synthesis, e.g.

Caregiver-implemented intervention to increase use of positive airway pressure for adults with Down syndrome and sleep apnea.

Many individuals with Down syndrome are diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a medical condition that substantially affects health and quality of life. The most common treatment for OSA is positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. Few studies have examined interventions to improve PAP therapy adherence for adults with developmental disabilities or have recruited the assistance of caregivers to improve adherence with this therapy in the home.

How do autoimmune CD4 T cells handle exhaustion?

Chronic antigen exposure is frequently associated with T cell exhaustion. In a recent study, Aljobaily et al. show that pancreatic islet-infiltrating CD4 T cells in mouse autoimmune diabetes may circumvent exhaustion by preserving TCF1 expression.

Canine uropathogenic and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli harboring conjugative plasmids exhibit augmented growth and exopolysaccharide production in response to Enterococcus faecalis.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) that infect dogs and poultry. These agents occur both as single-species infections and, commonly, in co-infection with Enterococcus faecalis (EF); however, it is unclear how EF co-infections modulate ExPEC virulence. Genetic drivers of interspecies interactions affecting virulence were identified using macrocolony co-culture, chicken embryo co-infection experiments, and whole-genome sequence analysis of ExPEC and EF clinical isolates.

Mental and physical health characteristics of older and younger adults receiving medication for opioid use disorder.

Background: Methadone is an effective and widely used medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). Within in the United States (US), older adults represent an increasing proportion of those receiving MOUD, yet little is known about characteristics of older individuals in these programs.

Objectives: To evaluate mental and physical health characteristics of younger and older adults receiving MOUD and test whether age moderates the relation between physical and mental health variables.

Clinical Snapshot of Group A Streptococcal Isolates from an Australian Tertiary Hospital.

(Group A , GAS) is a human-restricted pathogen that causes a wide range of diseases from pharyngitis and scarlet fever to more severe, invasive infections such as necrotising fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. There has been a global increase in both scarlet fever and invasive infections during the COVID-19 post-pandemic period. The aim of this study was the molecular characterisation of 17 invasive and non-invasive clinical non-1 GAS isolates from an Australian tertiary hospital collected between 2021 and 2022.

Partnering with Communities to Understand Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) Impacts on Access to Shared Micromobility.

This study explored the facilitators and barriers of community bike share use in a mid-sized city with high incidence of poverty and racial diversity using a community-based participatory action research (CBPAR) photovoice framework with the Stanford (OV) Discovery Tool digital application. Community members participated in one of three community citizen science walks with follow up focus groups facilitated by osteopathic medical student researcher to address "What makes it easy or hard to ride a bike using the bike share?" Twenty-seven diverse community members partnered with four osteopathic medical students exploring vulnerable individuals' lived experiences, beliefs/understanding of the Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) and access to the bike share program. A total of 322 photos and narrative comments from citizen science walk audits developed deductive themes and follow up focus groups informed inductive themes.

The Children's Somatic Symptoms Inventory-8: Psychometric Properties of a Brief Measure of Somatic Distress.

Background: Children often present to primary and specialty care clinics with multiple somatic symptoms of nonspecific origin that can be highly distressing and prompt significant health service use. We evaluated the psychometric properties of the eight-item Children's Somatic Symptoms Inventory (CSSI-8) as a brief measure of somatic distress that could be easily integrated into clinical systems.

Method: Eight items from the 24-item CSSI were selected based on their representation of multiple bodily systems, association with high base rates, and ability to maximize the separation of the items' Rasch measure scores.

Role of Paraoxonase 2 in Airway Epithelial Response to Oxidant Stress.

Asthma is a widespread chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. This airway inflammation is classified by either the presence (T2-high) or absence (T2-low) of high levels of eosinophils. Because most therapies for asthma target eosinophils and related pathways, treatment options for T2-low disease are limited.

From algae to plants: understanding pyrenoid-based CO-concentrating mechanisms.

Pyrenoids are the key component of one of the most abundant biological CO concentration mechanisms found in nature. Pyrenoid-based CO-concentrating mechanisms (pCCMs) are estimated to account for one third of global photosynthetic CO capture. Our molecular understanding of how pyrenoids work is based largely on work in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Update of the FANTOM web resource: enhancement for studying noncoding genomes.

The FANTOM web resource (https://fantom.gsc.riken.

Exploring the host response in infected lung organoids using NanoString technology: A statistical analysis of gene expression data.

In this study, we used a three-dimensional airway "organ tissue equivalent" (OTE) model at an air-liquid interface (ALI) to mimic human airways. We investigated the effects of three viruses (Influenza A virus (IAV), Human metapneumovirus (MPV), and Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) on this model, incorporating various control conditions for data integrity. Our primary objective was to assess gene expression using the NanoString platform in OTE models infected with these viruses at 24- and 72-hour intervals, focusing on 773 specific genes.

Transcriptomic and epigenomic signatures distinguish high- and low-risk endotypes for liver tumor development.

The epigenome is a target for environmental exposures and a potential determinant of inter-individual differences in response. In genetically identical C57Bl/6 mice exposed from gestation to weaning to the endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) tributyltin (TBT), hepatic tumor development later in life varied across multiple cohorts over time and depending on sex and diet. In one cohort where approximately half of TBT-exposed male mice developed liver tumors at 10 months (Katz et al.

HEAL-D Online: Exploring the potential for the spread and adoption of a virtual culturally tailored diabetes self-management programme for adults of African and Caribbean heritage.

Background: People of African and Caribbean heritage in the UK have a higher prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and poorer health outcomes than white Europeans. Healthy Eating and Active Lifestyles for Diabetes Online (HEAL-D Online) is a co-designed, culturally tailored T2D self-management programme for black African and Caribbean adults, which, due to online delivery, is well positioned for spread. This qualitative evaluation uses the Exploration-Preparation-Implementation-Sustainment (EPIS) framework to explore factors affecting scale-up from delivery and commissioning perspectives.

Rapid and non-invasive analysis of paracetamol overdose using paper arrow-mass spectrometry: a prospective observational study.

Background: Paracetamol is the most consumed medicine globally. Its accessibility contributes to common overdose. Paracetamol overdose is responsible for > 50% of acute liver failure cases, making it the second most common reason for a liver transplant.

Gram-negative bloodstream infections in six German university hospitals, 2016-2020: clinical and microbiological features.

Purpose: To analyze the longitudinal epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of Gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSI) in Germany.

Methods: Post-hoc analysis of prospectively documented BSI due to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp.

A Decade Long Analysis of Healthcare Disparities and Uterine Artery Embolization: An Exploration of Social Determinants of Health.

Purpose: To determine the extent that social determinants of health have on uterine artery embolization (UAE) utilization for treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids.

Methods: In this IRB-exempt study, data from the 2011-2020 National Inpatient Sample was used to identify patients with ICD-9 and -10 codes of uterine fibroids who underwent UAE. Data collected included: patient's demographics (race/ethnicity, income, insurance status) and procedure location (geographic region, hospital setting).