Categorically distinct subsets allow flexible memory selection in hybrid search.

In many everyday situations, we search our visual surroundings for any one of many memorized items held in memory, a process termed . In some cases, only a portion of the memorized mental list is relevant within a specific visual context, thus, restricting memory search to the relevant subset would be desirable. Previous research had shown that participants largely fail to "partition" memory into several distinct subsets, on a trial-by-trial basis.

Six ways of failing to see (and why the differences matter).

Sometimes we look but fail to see: our car keys on a cluttered desk, a repeated word in a carefully proofread email, or a motorcycle at an intersection. Wolfe and colleagues present a unifying, mechanistic framework for understanding these "Looked But Failed to See" errors, explaining how such misses arise from natural constraints on human visual processing. Here, we offer a conceptual taxonomy of six distinct ways we might be said to fail to see, and explore: how these relate to processes in Wolfe et al.

When will AI misclassify? Intuiting failures on natural images.

Machine recognition systems now rival humans in their ability to classify natural images. However, their success is accompanied by a striking failure: a tendency to commit bizarre misclassifications on inputs specifically selected to fool them. What do ordinary people know about the nature and prevalence of such classification errors? Here, five experiments exploit the recent discovery of "natural adversarial examples" to ask whether naive observers can predict when and how machines will misclassify natural images.

Feedback moderates the effect of prevalence on perceptual decisions.

How does the prevalence of a target influence how it is perceived and categorized? A substantial body of work, mostly in visual search, shows that a higher proportion of targets are missed when prevalence is low. This classic low prevalence effect (LPE) involves a shift to a more conservative decision criterion that makes it less likely that observers will call an ambiguous item a target. In contrast, Levari et al.

Visual search errors are persistent in a laboratory analog of the incidental finding problem.

When radiologists search for a specific target (e.g., lung cancer), they are also asked to report any other clinically significant "incidental findings" (e.