Unusual initial presentation of prostate adenocarcinoma with inguinal lymph nodes metastases: a case report.

The presence of lymph node metastases in prostate adenocarcinoma is a poor prognostic sign, and mortality rates are often high. Inguinal lymph node metastases are an unusual presentation of advanced disease, and they can be easily misinterpreted with other diseases. We present a case of a 63-year-old patient with no previous symptoms and signs of prostate disorder with a right-sided inguinal lump and abdominal pain.

The Current State of Nuclear Nephrology in Modern Medicine.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the most reliable parameter of renal function. Regarding the complexity of the gold standard inulin clearance, different estimating equations have been developed with CKD-EPI creatinine equation recommended as the most reliable one. In some clinical situations where creatinine based equations might not be valid, alternative methods are needed.

Comparative analysis of different nuclear medicine techniques in evaluation of renal function.

Introduction: Nuclear medicine (NM) methods play an important role in the evaluation of renal function in a wide range of clinical indications. The aim of our study was to evaluate the correlation between measured GFR (mGFR) obtained by the three-plasma sample slope-intercept NM method (TPSM) - reference method vs. estimated GFR (eGFR) using Fleming's single plasma sample method (SPSM) at 120 min, 180 min, and 240 min and correlation of reference method with eGFR with camera-based Gates' protocol.

Universal salt iodization potentially contributes to health equity: socio-economic status of children does not affect iodine status.

Objectives: Many studies have shown that socio-economic status (SES) contributes to health inequalities, with nutrition as one of the major risk factors. Iodine intake entirely depends on external sources, and deficiencies are known to be more prevalent in lower social groups, especially in countries with limited access to iodized salt. This study aimed to determine the influence of SES on iodine status and iodine availability from household salt in North Macedonia.

Standardized Map of Iodine Status in Europe.

Knowledge about the population's iodine status is important, because it allows adjustment of iodine supply and prevention of iodine deficiency. The validity and comparability of iodine-related population studies can be improved by standardization, which was one of the goals of the EUthyroid project. The aim of this study was to establish the first standardized map of iodine status in Europe by using standardized urinary iodine concentration (UIC) data.

Schoolchildren thyroid volume in North Macedonia: data from a national survey in an iodine-sufficient country.

Purpose: North Macedonia is historically iodine deficient, but due to the longstanding and effective preventive measures, it has been considered iodine replete since 2003. The aim of the recent national survey was to re-evaluate iodine status and to measure thyroid volume (TVol) by ultrasound in schoolchildren as a representative of the general population.

Methods: A stratified probability proportionate to size cluster sampling was used to obtain a representative national sample of school children aged 7-10 years between the 28th of March and 4th of October 2016.

Myocardial Perfusion Abnormalities in Young and Premenopausal Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Detected with 99MTC MIBI Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy - Prevalence and Correlation with Proatherogenic Factors.

Introduction: Atherosclerosis in young and premenopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is frequent, premature and progressive. Although asymptomatic or with atypical clinical presentation, the patients are at high risk of cardiac events. Aim of this study is to estimate the risk profile for atherogenesis and the prevalence of myocardial perfusion abnormalities with 99mTc myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) in young and premenopausal women.

Thyroid cancer detection rate and associated risk factors in patients with thyroid nodules classified as Bethesda category III.

Background Ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a standard procedure for thyroid nodules management and selecting patients for surgical treatment. Atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS), as stated by The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology, is a diagnostic category with an implied malignancy risk of 5-15%. The aim of our study was to review cytology and histopathology reports, as well as clinical and ultrasound data, for thyroid nodules reported as AUS/FLUS, in order to evaluate the malignancy rate and to assess factors associated with malignant outcome.

Absent Tc-MIBI Uptake in the Thyroid Gland during Early Phase of Parathyroid Scintigraphy in Patients with Primary and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.

Background: Thyroid uptake of technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (Tc-MIBI) during parathyroid scintigraphy can be affected by various conditions.

Aim: To evaluate the frequency of absent Tc-MIBI uptake by the thyroid gland in the early phase of dual-phase parathyroid scintigraphy.

Methods: The early planar images of dual phase Tc MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy from 217 patients performed between 2014 and 2017 were retrospectively analysed.

Tissue-muscle perfusion assessed by one day Tc-MIBI rest-dipyridamol scintigraphy in non-diabetic and diabetic patients.

Aim: To determine the perfusion reserve of the lower limbs using the method Tc-MIBI (rest-dipyridamole) perfusion scintigraphy (one-day protocol) in the diagnostic evaluation of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM).

Material And Methods: We performed tissue-muscle perfusion scintigraphy (TMPS) of the lower limbs, through one-day rest-dipyridamole protocol with Tc-MIBI in 24 patients, divided in two groups according to the presence of diabetes - patients with DM (Dp) 13/24 (54%), 2 males and 9 female patients, age 63±13 years and patients without DM (NDp) 11/24 (46%), 3 males and 10 females, age 61±14 years.

Results: In the dynamic phase of the rest study, the time of maximum activity (Tmax), in the early arterial phase, of the calf region was significantly prolonged in Dp compared to NDp, with lower accumulation of the radiotracer in the 1st minute (85%/87% in Dp vs.

Demographic and Clinical Features of Thyroid Carcinomas in Republic of Macedonia (1999-2010).

Background: Thyroid carcinomas (TC) are the most common endocrine malignancies. In some parts of the world, the incidence of TCs has increased over the past few decades, especially in females according to some studies.

Aim: We have set as the objective for our study to analyse the demographic, ultrasound features, thyroid hormonal status and frequency of thyroid carcinomas in the Republic of Macedonia according to histopathological type.

Etiopathogenesis of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinomas.

Introduction: Thyroid malignomas are a heterogeneous group of neoplasm consisting of most frequent differentiated encountered carcinomas, papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma, then medullary thyroid carcinoma originating from neuroendocrine calcitonin-producing C-cells and rare forms of thyroid lymphomas arising from intrathyroidal lymphatic tissue, thyroid sarcomas and poorly differentiated anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. There are increasing numbers of epidemiological studies and publications that have suggested increased incidence rate of thyroid carcinomas. We have read, analysed and compare available reviews and original articles investigating different etiological factors in the development of thyroid carcinomas through Google Scholar and PubMed Database.

Vesicoureteral Reflux Detected with (99m)Tc-DTPA Renal Scintigraphy during Evaluation of Renal Function.

Background: Radionuclide techniques, as direct radionuclide cystography and (99m)Tc-DMSA scintigraphy, have been used in evaluation of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and reflux nephropathy (RN) in children. Dynamic (99m)Tc-DTPA scintigraphy is reserved for evaluation of differential renal function and obstruction in children, where hydronephrosis is detected by ultrasonography (US) pre- or postnatally.

Case Report: Six year old boy was prenatally diagnosed with bilateral hydronephrosis.

Ultrasonographic Findings in Patients with Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules who underwent Ultrasound Guided Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology.

Background: Patients with thyroid nodules represent common problem in daily routine of thyroidologists as well as other medical specialties. Fortunately only small number of thyroid nodules turns out to be malignant. Ultrasound is most frequently used imaging modality in the evaluation of thyroid nodules and certain ultrasonographic features are associated with greater risk for malignancy.

Estimated Dose to Family Members of Patients Treated with Radioiodine.

Patients who receive therapeutic amount of 131I are potentially significant source of radiation to their family members and general public. The aim of this study was to estimate effective dose to family members of patients treated with radioiodine, released after 3 d of hospitalization and to compare with dose constraints proposed by international recommendations. The thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLD 100) and Radiation Dose Assessment Resource (RADAR) software were used for assessment of effective doses to 60 family members of the same number of hyperthyroid and thyroid carcinoma patients.

N-terminal-proB natriuretic peptide in patients with stable coronary artery disease evaluated for ischemia with myocardial perfusion imaging.

Background: Natriuretic peptides have emerged in the last years as useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in patients with stable CAD. Myocardial ischemia per se might increase NT-proBNP levels.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine whether NT-proBNP levels in patients with stable CAD and preserved left ventricular function are elevated and second, to compare NT-proBNP in patients with verified ischemia on myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) to non-ischemic subjects with known CAD.

C-reactive protein in patients with normal perfusion and mild to moderate perfusion defects who have undergone myocardial perfusion imaging with 99m-Tc sestamibi gated spect.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) has been extensively used in recent years to assess cardiovascular risk more thoroughly. A significant association between elevated CRP, a prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and adverse cardiac events has been found. Stress myocardial SPECT perfusion imaging (MPI) is an accurate noninvasive technique for detecting CAD.

Functional outcome and quality of life after coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with severe heart failure and hibernated myocardium.

Background: Myocardial viability is an important parameter, predictive of improvement in left ventricular function after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). We wanted to define the relationship between the extent of hibernated myocardium and improvement in ejection fraction function and quality of life after CABG.

Methods: Sixty-five consecutive patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (mean LVEF <40%) undergoing surgical revascularization were studied with (99m)Tc-sestamibi myocardial perfusion Gated SPECT imaging (MPI) to assess preoperative myocardial viability.

Relationship between myocardial viability and improvement in left ventricular function and heart failure symptoms after coronary artery bypass surgery.

Background: The evaluation of myocardial viability is an important preoperative parameter, predictive of improvement in regional and global left ventricular (LV) function after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). However, whether the presence of viability is also associated with relief of heart failure symptoms after revascularization is not always certain. The aims of the study were to define the relationship between extent of viable myocardium and improvement in LV function after CABG and to determine whether preoperative viability testing can predict improvement in heart failure symptoms.

Gender differences in detecting coronary artery disease with dipyridamole stress myocardial perfusion imaging using 99m-Tc sestamibi gated SPECT.

There are some specifics in the presentation of coronary artery disease (CAD) in women compared with men that may cause diagnostic pitfalls. The accuracy of noninvasive diagnostic testing in women tends to be lower than that in men. Stress myocardial perfusion imaging with 99m-Tc sestamibi gated SPECT is an accurate technique for detecting CAD.