Basilar invagination and atlantoaxial dislocation as a complication of severe dystrophic cervical kyphosis correction in neurofibromatosis type 1: Report of a rare case and review of literature.

Introduction And Importance: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) affects the musculoskeletal system as well as the cervical spine. It is associated with severe, progressive cervical kyphosis. Surgical intervention is the treatment of choice to avoid neurological impairment and malalignment.

Posterior-Only Approach for Management of Complete Posterior Displaced Type II Odontoid Fracture.

Odontoid fracture (OF) is one of the most common spinal fractures. Type II in D'Alonzo's classification is still the most common and should be considered unstable unless proven otherwise. Thus, surgical stabilization has received significant attention.

Therapeutic prospects of microRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles in rheumatoid arthritis: a comprehensive overview.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammatory joint damage. Recent studies have focused on the significance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of RA. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a potential therapeutic option for RA based on their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties.

Advances in DTI studies for diagnoses and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

This review summarizes the current state of neuroimaging research on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), which allows for the examination of white matter abnormalities in the brain. DTI studies on individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) consistently demonstrate widespread reductions in white matter integrity in various regions of the brain, including the corpus callosum, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, and prefrontal cortex, which are involved in emotion regulation, decision-making, and cognitive control. However, the reviewed studies often have small sample sizes, and findings vary between studies, highlighting the need for larger and more standardized studies.

Lesson learned from assessing teachers' and students' perspectives regarding the quality of e-learning in medical education during the pandemic: a mixed-methods study.

Background: The evaluation of e-learning systems ensures the provision of quality training. The goal was to identify the perspectives of teachers and students on e-learning in medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Iran.

Methods: This study utilized a convergent mixed methods research design with a two-phase approach to collect and analyze data between June and August 2022.

Harnessing the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles as a novel cell-free therapy for animal models of multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, neuroinflammatory, and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Current treatments offer only limited relief from symptoms, and there is no cure. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have demonstrated therapeutic potential for MS.

Surgical Decompression of Thoracic Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament through Posterior Approach: A Case Report.

Thoracic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a rare condition that is mainly accompanied by cervical OPLL or ossification of thoracic ligamentum flavum. In case of causing neurological manifestations, it is preferred to treat the condition surgically. Several surgical procedures were introduced, including anterior, posterior, or combined approaches.

Posterior-only approach for treatment of irreducible traumatic Atlanto-axial dislocation, secondary to type-II odontoid fracture; report of a missed case, its management and review of literature.

Introduction And Importance: Odontoid fracture (OF) is among the most common and challenging cervical spine fractures in regards to the treatment and surgical approach. Atlanto-axial dislocation (AAD) is considered a significant complication after failed non-surgical treatment of OF. Traditionally, it requires anterior odontoidectomy followed by posterior C1-C2 reduction and fusion.

The combination treatment of methylprednisolone and growth factor-rich serum ameliorates the structural and functional changes after spinal cord injury in rat.

Study Design: Preclinical pharmacology.

Objectives: Our study aims to evaluate the combined effect of Methylprednisolone (MP) and growth factor-rich serum (GFRS) on structural and functional recovery in rats following spinal cord injury (SCI).

Setting: Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups: sham group (laminectomy); SCI group (the spinal cord clip compression model); SCI-MP group (30 mg/kg MP was administrated intraperitoneally (IP) immediately after SCI); SCI-GFRS group (GFRS (200 µl, IP) was administrated for six consecutive days); and SCI-MP + GFRS group (the rats received MP (30 mg/kg, IP) immediately after SCI, and GFRS (200 µl, IP) for six consecutive days).

The effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the development of Parkinson's disease: the role of α-synuclein.

The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to various neurological complications in infected people. These neurological effects include problems in both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Hyposmia, a PNS symptom of COVID-19, frequently manifests in the early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD) and serves as an early warning sign of the condition.

Spinal Ganglioneuroma: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Objective: Spinal ganglioneuromas (GNs) are rare benign tumors that often manifest as symptoms related to the compression of neural elements. The preferred treatment for affected patients is surgical resection, which typically improves symptoms and accompanies a low likelihood of tumor recurrence. We conducted a systematic review of reports of GNs involving the spinal cord and nerve roots, examining their clinical presentation, surgical management, and outcomes.

Sacrectomy with Posterior-Only Approach in Sacral Tumors: An Analysis of 26 Cases and Review of Literature.

Background: Sacral masses can be removed using anterior, posterior, or combined approaches. Achieving total sacrectomy through a posterior-only approach results in a shorter procedure time, minimal tissue damage, and a reduced risk of complications. In this study, we aimed to share our experience with performing total sacrectomy using a posterior-only approach in 26 patients and to assess their clinical outcomes at our center.

Atypical Scheuermann's disease with severe kyphosis and negative sagittal balance in the thoracolumbar region: A case report and literature review.

Introduction And Importance: Scheuermann's kyphosis is a structural deformity of the thoracolumbar spine that is classified in typical (thoracic) and atypical (lumbar and thoracolumbar) Scheuermann's disease. Surgical intervention is reserved for those with progressive kyphosis, intractable pain and neurological impairment. Although, previous literature focuses on the correction of the thoracic kyphosis (TK), recent lines of evidence recommend considering all the sagittal balance parameters when performing a surgery.

A case report: Bilateral reconstruction of C2 lateral masses with expandable titanium cages following axis (C2) solitary plasmacytoma resection with 2-year follow-up.

Background: Solitary plasmacytoma (SP) caused the collapse/destruction of the C2 vertebral body in a 78-year-old male. To provide sufficient posterior stabilization, the patient warranted lateral mass fusion to supplement the bilateral pedicle/screw rod instrumentation.

Case Description: A 78-year-old male presented with neck pain alone.

Effect of Disease-Modifying Therapies on COVID-19 Vaccination Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Comprehensive Review.

According to current knowledge, the etiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is complex, involving genetic background as well as several environmental factors that result in dysimmunity in the central nervous system (CNS). MS is an immune-mediated, inflammatory neurological disease affecting the CNS. As part of its attack on the axons of the CNS, MS witnesses varying degrees of myelin and axonal loss.

Development of Acute Transverse Myelitis following COVID-19 Infection: A Review on the Potential Pathways.

Background: Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is a rare neurological disorder in adults characterized by localized inflammation of gray and white matter in one or more contiguous spinal cord segments in the absence of a compressive injury. Several reports have connected the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to the pathophysiology of ATM.

Summary: Direct invasion of the spinal cord, cytokine storm, or an autoimmune response are the possible pathways by which the SARS-CoV-2 virus can affect the spinal cord and lead to ATM.

Evaluation of the Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Motor Cortex on Failed Back Surgery Syndrome Pain Control in the Short Term.

Background:  This study aimed to evaluate the short-term efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the treatment of failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS).

Methods:  In this prospective clinical trial study, 13 patients with FBSS were selected to undergo rTMS, including 5 sessions of stimulation of the primary motor cortex of 90 trains with a frequency of 10 Hz for 2 seconds and an intertrain interval of 20 seconds with a total pulse rate of 1800 per session. The time of each session was 30 minutes with an intensity of 80% of the motor threshold.

Idiopathic spinal cord herniation at the cervicothoracic junction level presenting with unilateral sensory symptoms.

Idiopathic spinal cord herniation (ISCH) most commonly occurs through a ventral dural defect at the midthoracic levels with a predilection to affect middle-aged females. It can have various presentations, the most common of which are Brown-Séquard syndrome and spastic paraparesis. Due to its rarity in clinical practice, the diagnosis of ISCH can be challenging to physicians unfamiliar with this entity.

The role of miRNAs from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells-derived extracellular vesicles in neurological disorders.

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with immunomodulatory effects that have been attempted as a possible treatment for neurologic disorders. Since currently available drugs for neurologic disorders are limited, special attention has been paid to MSCs. With the ability to differentiate into neural cells, it has been shown that MSCs exert their effects in a paracrine manner by producing extracellular vesicles (EVs).

Metastatic thoracic and lumbar intramedullary and extramedullary Ewing's sarcoma: a rare case report and literature review.

Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a highly aggressive bone and soft tissue tumor that occurs mainly in young children and adolescents and is associated with primary and metastatic disease. Intramedullary ES (either primary or secondary) is rare, and the ideal management remains inconclusive. We herein report intramedullary and extramedullary metastatic ES in a single patient.

The Effect of Spironolactone on β-amyloid-Induced Memory Impairment in Male Rats: The Role of Microglial Inhibition.

Neuroinflammation was indicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous reports have also signified that spironolactone has anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the modulatory effects of spironolactone on neuroinflammation and memory loss in a rat model of AD.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) stimulated and P2X7 receptor activated by COVID-19, as a potential therapeutic target and risk factor for epilepsy.

Based on available evidence, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a neuroinvasive virus. According to the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may cause epilepsy. In this line, COVID-19 can stimulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and activate P2X7 receptor.