Microscopy and transcriptomic datasets for investigating the drought-stress response and recovery in young and early senescent-old leaves from .

The present dataset combines transcriptomic and microscopic analyses to investigate the responses of winter oilseed rape (WOSR, Brassica napus L., cultivar Aviso) to soil drought, with a focus on differences between young and early-senescent old leaves. For microscopy, 36 scans of 1 to 5 leaf cross-sections were acquired from paraffin-embedded leaf disc samples using a scanner with a 40x lens (Pannoramic Confocal, 3DHistech), capturing a large field of view (8-mm-long observed leaf tissue).

Magnetic resonance imaging, water relation, gene expression and biochemical data for analysis of the effects of water stress on potato plant functioning and tuber development and quality.

The data presented in this paper include the original and processed MRI images acquired with a 1.5 T whole-body MRI scanner, describing the growth kinetics, spatialization and appearance of internal defaults of individual tubers of potato plants (Rosanna cultivar of ) grown in pots in a semi-controlled environment and exposed to two water regimes. The 2 conditions were a well-watered regime, in which soil moisture was maintained at 70 % of field capacity, and a variable water deficit regime, in which soil moisture was reduced to 20 % of field capacity several times during tuber growth, followed each time by a few-day period of rehydration to 70 % of field capacity.

Leaf drought adaptive response in winter oilseed rape is altered at the onset of senescence: a study combining NMR relaxometry, multi-omics and microscopy.

Climate change is bringing more frequent and intense droughts, reducing overall water availability and adversely affecting crops. There is a need to improve our understanding of the tissular and cellular adaptation mechanisms that are critical for plant water conservation strategies. Here, we have used NMR relaxometry in combination with microscopy and multi-omic analysis to study the effects of progressive soil drought on winter oilseed rape (WOSR, Brassica napus L.

Growth kinetics, spatialization and quality of potato tubers monitored in situ by MRI - long-term effects of water stress.

Understanding the potato tuber development and effects of drought at key stages of sensitivity on yield is crucial, particularly when considering the increasing incidence of drought due to climate change. So far, few studies addressed the time course of tuber growth in soil, mainly due to difficulties in accessing underground plant organs in a non-destructive manner. This study aims to understand the tuber growth and quality and the complex long-term effects of realistic water stress on potato tuber yield.

Quantitative MRI imaging of parenchyma and venation networks in Brassica napus leaves: effects of development and dehydration.

Background: Characterisation of the structure and water status of leaf tissues is essential to the understanding of leaf hydraulic functioning under optimal and stressed conditions. Magnetic Resonance Imaging is unique in its capacity to access this information in a spatially resolved, non-invasive and non-destructive way. The purpose of this study was to develop an original approach based on transverse relaxation mapping by Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the detection of changes in water status and distribution at cell and tissue levels in Brassica napus leaves during blade development and dehydration.

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of a bread and cheese meal.

The monitoring of food degradation during gastrointestinal digestion is essential in understanding food structure impacts on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of nutrients. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has the unique ability to access information on changes in multi-scale structural features of foods in a spatially resolved and non-destructive way. Our objective was to exploit various opportunities offered by MRI for monitoring starch, lipid and protein hydrolysis, as well as food particle breakdown during the semi-dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of complex foods combined in a meal.

Characterization of Potato Tuber Tissues Using Spatialized MRI T2 Relaxometry.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a powerful non-destructive tool in the study of plant tissues. For potato tubers, it greatly assists the study of tissue defects and tissue evolution during storage. This paper describes the MRI analysis of potato tubers with internal defects in their flesh tissue at eight sampling dates from 14 to 33 weeks after harvest.

Characterization of the Water Shortage Effects on Potato Tuber Tissues during Growth Using MRI Relaxometry and Biochemical Parameters.

The potato is one of the most cultivated crops worldwide, providing an important source of food. The quality of potato tubers relates to their size and dry matter composition and to the absence of physiological defects. It depends on the spatial and temporal coordination of growth and metabolic processes in the major tuber tissues: the cortex, flesh and pith.

Quantitative MRI analysis of structural changes in tomato tissues resulting from dehydration.

A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis at 1.5T of the effects of different dehydration regimes on transverse relaxation parameters measured in tomato tissue is presented. Multi-exponential T maps have been estimated for the first time, providing access to spatialized microstructural information at voxel scale.

Multi-exponential MRI T2 maps: A tool to classify and characterize fruit tissues.

The estimation of multi-exponential relaxation time T and their associated amplitudes A at the voxel level has been made possible by recent developments in the field of image processing. These data are of great interest for the characterization of biological tissues, such as fruit tissues. However, they represent a high number of information, not easily interpretable.

Low field, time domain NMR in the agriculture and agrifood sectors: An overview of applications in plants, foods and biofuels.

In this contribution, a selective overview of low field, time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) applications in the agriculture and agrifood sectors is presented. The first applications of commercial TD-NMR instruments were in food and agriculture domains. Many of these earlier methods have now been recognized as standard methods by several international agencies.

Impact of chemical exchange on transverse relaxation at low and moderate magnetic field strengths for sugar solutions representative of fruit tissues analyzed by simulation and MRI experiments.

Proton exchange effects on transverse relaxation rate were studied at low and moderate magnetic fields. Analysis was conducted on low-concentrate simple sugar (fructose and glucose) solutions modeling the vacuolar liquid in fruits. Simulated data obtained from Carver and Richards equations were used to analyze the effects of temperature and pH on parameters involved in the chemical exchange mechanisms.

Spatial and temporal evolution of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging parameters of peach and apple fruit - relationship with biophysical and metabolic traits.

Fruits are complex organs that are spatially regulated during development. Limited phenotyping capacity at cell and tissue levels is one of the main obstacles to our understanding of the coordinated regulation of the processes involved in fruit growth and quality. In this study, the spatial evolution of biophysical and metabolic traits of peach and apple fruit was investigated during fruit development.

Multi-exponential Transverse Relaxation Times Estimation from Magnetic Resonance Images under Rician Noise and Spatial Regularization.

Relaxation signal inside each voxel of magnetic resonance images (MRI) is commonly fitted by a multi-exponential decay curve. The estimation of a discrete multi-component relaxation model parameters from magnitude MRI data is a challenging nonlinear inverse problem since it should be conducted on the entire image voxels under non-Gaussian noise statistics. This paper proposes an efficient algorithm allowing the joint estimation of relaxation time values and their amplitudes using different criteria taking into account a Rician noise model, combined with a spatial regularization accounting for low spatial variability of relaxation time constants and amplitudes between neighboring voxels.

NMR study of fresh cut salads: Influence of temperature and storage time on leaf structure and water distribution in escarole.

Consumption of fresh-cut vegetables has rapidly increased over the past decades. Among salads, escarole is one of the most popular varieties. Specific packaging limits gas exchange and consequently water loss and bacterial respiration, increasing the shelf life of salads.

A mobile NMR lab for leaf phenotyping in the field.

Background: Low field NMR has been used to investigate water status in various plant tissues. In plants grown in controlled conditions, the method was shown to be able to monitor leaf development as it could detect slight variations in senescence associated with structural modifications in leaf tissues. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the potential of NMR to provide robust indicators of the leaf development stage in plants grown in the field, where leaves may develop less evenly due to environmental fluctuations.

MRI investigation of subcellular water compartmentalization and gas distribution in apples.

Water status and distribution at subcellular level in whole apple fruit were evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) measurement of the multi-exponential transverse (T2) relaxation of water protons. Apparent microporosity, also estimated by MRI, provided mapping of gas distribution in fruit tissues. Measuring for the first time the multi-exponential relaxation of water and apparent tissue microporosity in whole fruit and combining these with histological measurements provided a more reliable interpretation of the origins of variations in the transverse relaxation time (T2) and better characterization of the fruit tissue.

Assessment of nutrient remobilization through structural changes of palisade and spongy parenchyma in oilseed rape leaves during senescence.

Differential palisade and spongy parenchyma structural changes in oilseed rape leaf were demonstrated. These dismantling processes were linked to early senescence events and associated to remobilization processes. During leaf senescence, an ordered cell dismantling process allows efficient nutrient remobilization.

Structural changes in senescing oilseed rape leaves at tissue and subcellular levels monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry through water status.

Nitrogen use efficiency is relatively low in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) due to weak nitrogen remobilization during leaf senescence. Monitoring the kinetics of water distribution associated with the reorganization of cell structures, therefore, would be valuable to improve the characterization of nutrient recycling in leaf tissues and the associated senescence processes. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry was used to describe water distribution and status at the cellular level in different leaf ranks of well-watered plants.

MSE-MRI sequence optimisation for measurement of bi- and tri-exponential T2 relaxation in a phantom and fruit.

The transverse relaxation signal from vegetal cells can be described by multi-exponential behaviour, reflecting different water compartments. This multi-exponential relaxation is rarely measured by conventional MRI imaging protocols; mono-exponential relaxation times are measured instead, thus limiting information about of the microstructure and water status in vegetal cells. In this study, an optimised multiple spin echo (MSE) MRI sequence was evaluated for assessment of multi-exponential transverse relaxation in fruit tissues.

Temperature mapping in bread dough using SE and GE two-point MRI methods: experimental and theoretical estimation of uncertainty.

Two-dimensional (2D)-SE, 2D-GE and tri-dimensional (3D)-GE two-point T(1)-weighted MRI methods were evaluated in this study in order to maximize the accuracy of temperature mapping of bread dough during thermal processing. Uncertainties were propagated throughout each protocol of measurement, and comparisons demonstrated that all the methods with comparable acquisition times minimized the temperature uncertainty to similar extent. The experimental uncertainties obtained with low-field MRI were also compared to the theoretical estimations.

Quantification of microporosity in fruit by MRI at various magnetic fields: comparison with X-ray microtomography.

Microstructure determines the mechanical and transport properties of fruit tissues. One important characteristic of the microstructure is the relative volume fraction of gas-filled intercellular spaces, i.e.

An investigation of the structural aspects of the tomato fruit by means of quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was applied to study the structural aspects of the tomato fruit. The main study was performed on tomatoes (cv. Tradiro) using a 0.

Magnetic resonance imaging method based on magnetic susceptibility effects to estimate bubble size in alveolar products: application to bread dough during proving.

Magnetic resonance imaging has proven its potential application in bread dough and gas cell monitoring studies, and dynamic processes such as dough proving and baking can be monitored. However, undesirable magnetic susceptibility effects often affect quantification studies, especially at high fields. A new low-field method is presented based on local assessment of porosity in spin-echo imaging, local characterization of signal loss in gradient-echo imaging and prediction of relaxation times by simulation to estimate bubble radii in bread dough during proving.