Prevalence and determinants of hepatitis delta virus infection among HIV/hepatitis B-coinfected adults in care in the United States.

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection increases the risk of liver complications compared to hepatitis B virus (HBV) alone, particularly among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, no studies have evaluated the prevalence or determinants of HDV infection among people with HIV/HBV in the US. We performed a cross-sectional study among adults with HIV/HBV coinfection receiving care at eight sites within the Center for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) between 1996 and 2019.

Development of a Bead-Based Multiplex Assay for Use in Multianalyte Screening and Surveillance of HIV, Viral Hepatitis, Syphilis, and Herpes.

Diagnostic assays that can simultaneously determine the presence of infection with multiple pathogens are key for diagnosis and surveillance. Current multiplex diagnostic assays are complex and often have limited availability. We developed a simple, multianalyte, pathogen detection assay for screening and serosurveillance using the Luminex Magpix platform that is high throughput and can be helpful in monitoring multiple diseases.

Determination of potential biotin interference on accuracy of results of serologic assays for various viral hepatitis markers.

Biotin taken orally can interfere with some diagnostic immunoassays, including those for thyroid hormones, ferritin, and markers of infectious disease. Assays affected are ones that use streptavidin-biotin in their design. The goal of our study was to examine the effect of biotin concentrations of up to 1200 ng/mL on three serological assays performed on VITROS 3600 system, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV), total anti-HAV, and IgM antibodies to hepatitis B virus core antigen (anti-HBc), by spiking serum samples with variable amounts of biotin.

Feasibility of Hepatitis B Vaccination by Microneedle Patch: Cellular and Humoral Immunity Studies in Rhesus Macaques.

Background: This study evaluated dissolvable microneedle patch (dMNP) delivery of hepatitis B vaccine in rhesus macaques and provides evidence that dMNP delivery elicits seroprotective anti-HBs levels comparable with human seroprotection, potentially useful for hepatitis B birth dose vaccination in resource-constrained regions.

Methods: Sixteen macaques were each vaccinated twice; they were treated in 4 groups, with dMNP delivery of AFV at 24 ± 8 µg (n = 4) or 48 ± 14 µg (n = 4), intramuscular injection of AFV (10 µg; n = 4), or intramuscular injection of AAV (10 µg; n = 4). Levels of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (anti-HBs) and HBsAg-specific T-cell responses were analyzed.

An Automated Immunoblot Method for Detection of IgG Antibodies to Hepatitis C Virus: a Potential Supplemental Antibody Confirmatory Assay.

An estimated 41,200 people were newly infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 2016 in the United States. Screening tests for antibodies to HCV may generate up to 32% false positivity in low-risk populations. Current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) screening recommendations do not require confirmatory testing of a screening anti-HCV-positive test; however, confirmation is valuable for surveillance in the absence of HCV RNA testing.

Hepatitis B vaccination using a dissolvable microneedle patch is immunogenic in mice and rhesus macaques.

Chronic Hepatitis B virus infection remains a major global public health problem, accounting for about 887,000 deaths in 2015. Perinatal and early childhood infections are strongly associated with developing chronic hepatitis B. Adding a birth dose of the hepatitis B vaccine (HepB BD) to routine childhood vaccination can prevent over 85% of these infections.

Characterization of real-time microarrays for simultaneous detection of HIV-1, HIV-2, and hepatitis viruses.

Real-time PCR assays for nucleic acid testing (NAT) of hepatitis viruses A-E and for HIV-1 and HIV-2 have been developed; however, a multiplex assay that can simultaneously detect all of these agents is not yet available. Standardized TaqMan assays for detection of hepatitis viruses A-E have been described and applied to TaqMan Array Cards (TAC) which are capable of multiple pathogen detection using a single set of optimized PCR conditions. Assays for three gene regions of HIV-1 (long-terminal repeat (LTR), gag, and polymerase) and HIV-2 (overlap of LTR and gag, protease and integrase) were designed using the hepatitis assay conditions.

The Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Antibody in HIV-Negative Persons in Kenya, 2007.

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the Kenyan population has not been previously determined. We estimated the Kenyan HCV prevalence in HIV-negative persons aged 15-64 years. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study using data from the 2007 Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey-a nationally representative sample of 15,853 persons aged 15-64 years who completed a health interview and provided a blood specimen.

Stability of hepatitis C virus RNA and anti-HCV antibody in air-dried and freeze-dried human plasma samples.

Diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is based on testing for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV), hepatitis C core antigen (HCV cAg) and HCV RNA. To ensure quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA), proficiency panels are provided by reference laboratories and various international organizations, requiring costly dry ice shipments to maintain specimen integrity. Alternative methods of specimen preservation and transport can save on shipping and handling and help in improving diagnostics by facilitating QA/QC of various laboratories especially in resource limited countries.

Variability in the performance characteristics of IgG anti-HEV assays and its impact on reliability of seroprevalence rates of hepatitis E.

Hepatitis E is a major public health problem in developing countries and is increasingly being recognized as a cause of substantial sporadic viral hepatitis infections in industrialized countries. Variable rates of hepatitis E seroprevalence have been reported from the same geographic regions depending on the assay used. In this study, we evaluated the performance characteristics of four assays which included two commercial assays, Wantai HEV-IgG ELISA kit (Wantai, China), and DS-EIA-ANTI-HEV-G kit (DSI, Italy), one NIH-developed immunoassay (NIH-55 K, Kuniholm et al.

Evaluation of fast-track diagnostics and TaqMan array card real-time PCR assays for the detection of respiratory pathogens.

Several commercial assays are now available to detect the nucleic acid of multiple respiratory pathogens from a single specimen. Head-to-head comparisons of such assays using a single set of standard specimens provide additional information about key assay parameters such as sensitivity, specificity and lower limits of detection, and help to inform the decision regarding which method to use. We evaluated two real-time PCR platforms: the Fast-track Diagnostics® (FTD) multiplex respiratory panel and a TaqMan array card (TAC) for simultaneous uniplex detection of multiple respiratory pathogens.

Rapid and sensitive approach to simultaneous detection of genomes of hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses.

Background: Five viruses have been etiologically associated with viral hepatitis. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) remains the gold standard for diagnosis of viremic stages of infection. NAT methodologies have been developed for all hepatitis viruses; however, a NAT-based assay that can simultaneously detect all five viruses is not available.

One-step real-time PCR assay for detection and quantitation of hepatitis D virus RNA.

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective virus which requires hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) for its assembly. Hepatitis B infected individuals co-infected or superinfected with HDV often present with more severe hepatitis, progress faster to liver disease, and have a higher mortality rate than individuals infected with HBV alone. Currently, there are no commercially available clinical tests for the detection and quantitation of HDV RNA in the United States.

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 15A in psychiatric unit, Rhode Island, USA, 2010-2011.

During a pneumococcal disease outbreak in a pediatric psychiatric unit in a hospital in Rhode Island, USA, 6 (30%) of 20 patients and staff were colonized with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 15A, which is not included in pneumococcal vaccines. The outbreak subsided after implementation of antimicrobial drug prophylaxis and enhanced infection control measures.

Outbreak of lower respiratory tract illness associated with human enterovirus 68 among American Indian children.

Human enterovirus 68 (EV68) infections are rarely reported. We describe a respiratory outbreak associated with EV68 among 18 children admitted to a remote Indian Health Service facility during August 11, 2010 through September 14, 2010. Clinical illness was characterized by pneumonia and wheezing.

Survey of legionella species found in thai soil.

Members of the Gram-negative genus Legionella are typically found in freshwater environments, with the exception of L. longbeachae, which is present in composts and potting mixes. When contaminated aerosols are inhaled, legionellosis may result, typically as either the more serious pneumonia Legionnaires' disease or the less severe flu-like illness Pontiac fever.

Engineered combined-positive-control template for real-time reverse transcription-PCR in multiple-pathogen-detection assays.

Recently we evaluated a custom TaqMan array card (TAC) detection system, formerly known as a TaqMan low-density array (TLDA) card, for simultaneous real-time PCR identification of 21 pathogens and three control targets in duplicate from respiratory specimens (M. Kodani et al., J.

Air1 zinc knuckles 4 and 5 and a conserved IWRXY motif are critical for the function and integrity of the Trf4/5-Air1/2-Mtr4 polyadenylation (TRAMP) RNA quality control complex.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, non-coding RNAs, including cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs), are subject to degradation by the exosome. The Trf4/5-Air1/2-Mtr4 polyadenylation (TRAMP) complex in S. cerevisiae is a nuclear exosome cofactor that recruits the exosome to degrade RNAs.

Application of TaqMan low-density arrays for simultaneous detection of multiple respiratory pathogens.

The large and growing number of viral and bacterial pathogens responsible for respiratory infections poses a challenge for laboratories seeking to provide rapid and comprehensive pathogen identification. We evaluated a novel application of the TaqMan low-density array (TLDA) cards for real-time PCR detection of 21 respiratory-pathogen targets. The performance of the TLDA was compared to that of individual real-time PCR (IRTP) assays with the same primers and probes using (i) nucleic acids extracted from the 21 pathogen strains and 66 closely related viruses and bacteria and (ii) 292 clinical respiratory specimens.

Comparison of commercial systems for extraction of nucleic acids from DNA/RNA respiratory pathogens.

This study compared six automated nucleic acid extraction systems and one manual kit for their ability to recover nucleic acids from human nasal wash specimens spiked with five respiratory pathogens, representing Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes), Gram-negative bacteria (Legionella pneumophila), DNA viruses (adenovirus), segmented RNA viruses (human influenza virus A), and non-segmented RNA viruses (respiratory syncytial virus). The robots and kit evaluated represent major commercially available methods that are capable of simultaneous extraction of DNA and RNA from respiratory specimens, and included platforms based on magnetic-bead technology (KingFisher mL, Biorobot EZ1, easyMAG, KingFisher Flex, and MagNA Pure Compact) or glass fiber filter technology (Biorobot MDX and the manual kit Allprep). All methods yielded extracts free of cross-contamination and RT-PCR inhibition.