Transmural cross-sectional findings and bowel damage assessment in preclinical Crohn's disease: a case-control study.

Purpose: Crohn's disease (CD) is a progressive disorder leading to cumulative bowel damage. The Lémann index is a validated tool that can help in monitoring the progression of the disease and evaluating the effectiveness of different therapies. Our aim was to describe the main radiological findings in incidentally diagnosed CD and to evaluate bowel damage in this subgroup compared to patients diagnosed at later stages.

Retinal artery occlusion in young patients without typical cardiovascular risk factors: etiologies, prognosis, and suggested work-up.

Purpose: To understand the etiology, work-up, and secondary systemic and ocular events of retinal artery occlusion (RAO) in young patients (≤ 45 years old) without typical cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods: Retrospective longitudinal case series of 18 young patients with RAO and without typical cardiovascular risk factors evaluated at the University of Michigan Medicine Health System between the year 2000 and 2022. Laboratory and imaging studies performed at the time of RAO diagnosis, along with systemic and ocular events during follow-up, were recorded.

Subtle imaging signs of sigmoid sinus thrombosis in otitis media ("otitic hydrocephalus").

A 3-year-old boy developed otitis media, mastoiditis, papilledema, sixth nerve palsy, and increased intracranial pressure. The initial diagnosis was idiopathic intracranial hypertension, but doubt about that diagnosis at such a young age led to imaging reevaluation. When the abnormalities from multiple pulse sequences were aggregated with this clinical input, the correct diagnosis of otitic hydrocephalus emerged, allowing prompt implementation of appropriate treatment to avoid the risk of venous stroke.

[Association of hyperglycemia with the length of stay in hospitalized patients].

Background: Hyperglycemia during hospital stay is associated with adverse outcomes.

Aim: To characterize the frequency of hyperglycemia in a tertiary hospital and to correlate it with length of hospital stay (LOS).

Material And Methods: Review of medical records of hospitalized patients.

Early microscopic findings in preclinical inflammatory bowel disease.

Background: The immune response involved in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) may be present years before the diagnosis, but the characteristics of the disease during the preclinical period have been scarcely investigated.

Aim: To describe the microscopic findings of preclinical IBD and its relationship with the natural history of the disease.

Methods: Medical records from all patients with an incidental diagnosis of IBD during a screening colonoscopy were included in this multicentric and retrospective study.

[Non-HDL cholesterol levels in Chilean population and their association with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease].

Background Despite aggressive treatment aimed at lowering LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels with statins, there is a high residual prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, which may depend on plasma cholesterol transported in other atherogenic lipoproteins. Aims To describe non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels in the Chilean population and their association with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. To evaluate compliance with non-HDL-C therapeutic goals -according to individual cardiovascular risk- at different levels of triglycerides, in comparison with LDL-C goal achievement.

[Consensus statement of the Chilean endocrinological society on the role of bariatric surgery in type 2 diabetes].

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and obesity are a public health problem in Chile. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment alternative to achieve a significant and sustained weight reduction in patients with morbid obesity. The results of controlled clinical trials indicate that, compared to medical treatment, surgery for obese patients with DM2 allows a better control of blood glucose and cardiovascular risk factors, reduces the need for medications and increases the likelihood for remission.

Current and emerging therapies for corneal neovascularization.

The cornea is unique because of its complete avascularity. Corneal neovascularization (CNV) can result from a variety of etiologies including contact lens wear; corneal infections; and ocular surface diseases due to inflammation, chemical injury, and limbal stem cell deficiency. Management is focused primarily on the etiology and pathophysiology causing the CNV and involves medical and surgical options.

ACCELERATED ONSET OF RETINAL TOXICITY FROM HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE USE WITH CONCOMITANT BREAST CANCER THERAPY.

Purpose: To report a case of accelerated retinal toxicity due to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use for treatment of Sjögren syndrome in a patient treated with concomitant chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Methods: Observational case report.

Results: A 56-year-old white woman using 400 mg HCQ (7.

Abdominal obesity is a common finding in normal and overweight subjects of Chile and is associated with increased frequency of cardiometabolic risk factors.

Background/objectives: Abdominal obesity (AO) is associated with elevated risk for cardiovascular diseases; however, this association is less clear for non-obese people. We estimated the association of AO and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and disease in non-obese adult individuals from Chile.

Subjects/methods: 5248 adults (15 years of age or older) of both sexes from the Chilean National Health Survey (October 2009 -September 2010, response rate 85%.

Characteristics and Progression of Preclinical Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background & Aims: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease usually diagnosed after the appearance of gastrointestinal symptoms. Little is known about IBD progression during its early and even preclinical phases. We aimed to determine the number of new incidental diagnoses of IBD in an older population, and evaluate disease progression from its early stages.

[Nicotinic acid increases cellular transport of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with hypoalphalipoproteinemia].

Background: Plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) are involved in reverse cholesterol transport mediated by the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). Nicotinic acid increases HDL cholesterol levels, even though its specific impact on SR-BI dependent-cellular cholesterol transport remains unknown.

Aim: To determine the effect of nicotinic acid on HDL particle functionality in cholesterol efflux and uptake mediated by SR-BI in cultured cells in hypoalphalipoproteinemic patients.

[ANTIOXIDANT DYSFUNCTIONALITY OF HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDL) IN DECOMPENSATED DIABETIC PATIENTS].

Introduction: high density lipoproteins (HDL) have important cardiovascular protective effects mediated by their role in reverse cholesterol transport as well as other functional activities, including significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It has been shown that HDL anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions are defective in metabolically stable diabetic patients; however they have not been evaluated during a hyperglycemic crisis.

Aim: to determine the antioxidant activity of HDL during a severe diabetic decompensation and to analyze whether this function is restored after resolution of the acute event.

[Second Consensus of the Chilean Society of Endocrinology and Diabetes about insulin resistance].

Insulin resistance is a prevalent condition commonly associated with unhealthy lifestyles. It affects several metabolic pathways, increasing risk of abnormalities at different organ levels. Thus, diverse medical specialties should be involved in its diagnosis and treatment.

Novel splice-affecting variants in CYP27A1 gene in two Chilean patients with Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis.

Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis (CTX), a rare lipid storage disorder, is caused by recessive loss-of-function mutations of the 27-sterol hydroxylase (CYP27A1), producing an alteration of the synthesis of bile acids, with an accumulation of cholestanol. Clinical characteristics include juvenile cataracts, diarrhea, tendon xanthomas, cognitive impairment and other neurological manifestations. Early diagnosis is critical, because treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid may prevent neurological damage.

[Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: physiopathology, clinical manifestations and genetics].

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive disease, caused by genetic deficiency of the 27-hydroxylase enzyme (encoded by CYP27A1). It plays a key role in cholesterol metabolism, especially in bile acid synthesis and in the 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3 in the liver. Its deficiency causes reduced bile acid synthesis and tissue accumulation of cholestanol.

[Association between diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in Chilean adults: analysis of the National Health Survey 2009-2010].

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a recognized atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) risk factor. This association has yet to be quantified in the Chilean population.

Aim: To compare the frequency of ACVD between diabetic and non-diabetic Chilean subjects.

Physiological and pathological implications of cholesterol.

Cholesterol has evolved to fulfill sophisticated biophysical, cell signaling and endocrine requirements of animal systems. At a cellular level, cholesterol is found in membranes, where it increases both bilayer stiffness and impermeability to water and ions. Furthermore, cholesterol is integrated into specialized lipid-protein membrane microdomains with critical topographical and signaling functions.

Retracted: Advances in the physiological and pathological implications of cholesterol.

Cholesterol has evolved to fulfill sophisticated biophysical, cell signalling, and endocrine functions in animal systems. At the cellular level, cholesterol is found in membranes where it increases both bilayer stiffness and impermeability to water and ions. Furthermore, cholesterol is integrated into specialized lipid-protein membrane microdomains with critical topographical and signalling functions.

APOA5 Q97X mutation identified through homozygosity mapping causes severe hypertriglyceridemia in a Chilean consanguineous family.

Background: Severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) has been linked to defects in LPL, APOC2, APOA5, LMF1 and GBIHBP1 genes. However, a number of severe HTG cases are probably caused by as yet unidentified mutations. Very high triglyceride plasma levels (>112 mmol/L at diagnosis) were found in two sisters of a Chilean consanguineous family, which is strongly suggestive of a recessive highly penetrant mutation.

Acarbose improves hypoglycaemia following gastric bypass surgery without increasing glucagon-like peptide 1 levels.

Background: Postprandial hypoglycaemia is a severe complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP). Acarbose, an α-glucosidase inhibitor (AGI), is employed in its treatment. Several studies have shown that AGIs increase the postprandial levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1).

[Treatment and prevention of cancer treatment related oral mucositis].

One of the most common and troublesome complications of modern intensive anticancer treatments is oral mucositis. The purpose of this review is to summarize current evidence and clinical guidelines regarding its prevention and therapy. The use of keratinocyte growth factor-1, supplementary glutamine and other recently developed treatment modalities are discussed.