Probiotic bacteria can modulate immune responses to paratuberculosis vaccination.

subsp. (Map) is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis (PTB), a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease that causes high economical losses in dairy livestock worldwide. Due to the absence of widely available preventive or therapeutical treatments, new alternative therapies are needed.

Whole-genome long-read sequencing to unveil antimicrobial resistance in dairy cattle farms exposed a widespread occurrence of .

() and () are major causes of multiresistant healthcare-associated or nosocomial infections. has been traditionally divided into clades A (healthcare associated) and B (community associated) but clade B has been recently reassigned to (). However, identification techniques do not routinely differentiate from .