Muscularization of the chordae tendinea of the mitral anterior papillary muscle.

The chordae tendineae, described as fibro-collagenous structures, support the leaflets of the atrioventricular valves of the heart in various ways. The chordae tendineae are composed of collagen and elastic fibers. They connect to the ventricular side of the valve leaflets' free border and hinder the leaflets from swinging back into the atrial cavity during systole.

A comprehensive review of current knowledge on penile squamous cell carcinoma.

Neoplasm of the penis is relatively rare in most regions representing 0-2% of cancers worldwide. While the penis can be affected by sarcomas, basal cell carcinomas or even melanoma, Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma (PSCC) represents approximately 95% of all penile neoplasms. Despite its rarity and most common presentation at later decades of life most individuals diagnosed with PSCC are faced with significant decrease in quality of life.

A comprehensive study of the abdominal ganglia part 3: An overview of the most commonly observed ganglion patterns.

Chronic pain from untreatable abdominal cancers or pancreatitis can severely decrease an individual's quality of life due to accompanying neuropathic pain, the most difficult pain mechanism to treat. Current treatment modalities focus on peripheral block or neurolysis procedures of the sympathetic ganglia in an attempt to curb the pain and improve quality of life. Reports indicated that these treatments are ineffective with patients either experiencing no relief or return the pain in a few weeks.

A comprehensive study of the abdominal ganglia part 2: Aorticorenal ganglia.

Investigation into reports of pain treatment for abdominal cancer and abdominal pain syndromes revealed the lack of human studies on some of the abdominal sympathetic ganglia. Recent studies on renal artery denervation therapy as treatment for resistant hypertension has made the aorticorenal ganglia of particular importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the location, morphology, interconnections, and histological nature of aorticorenal ganglia.

A comprehensive study of the abdominal ganglia part 1: Celiac, phrenic and superior mesenteric ganglia.

Introduction: Patients with pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis and other abdominal pain syndromes may develop debilitating pain throughout the course of their illness with little to no relief by most conventional methods. While some form of relief is experienced by patients, not all benefit from these procedures and side effects, while transitory in most cases are severe and often not expected. Our aim was therefore to investigate the anatomy surrounding the abdominal sympathetic ganglia, the target for the invasive procedures in an attempt to understand the variations in results.

Heterogeneity in head and neck cancer incidence among black populations from Africa, the Caribbean and the USA: Analysis of cancer registry data by the AC3.

Background: Africa and the Caribbean are projected to have greater increases in Head and neck cancer (HNC) burden in comparison to North America and Europe. The knowledge needed to reinforce prevention in these populations is limited. We compared for the first time, incidence rates of HNC in black populations from African, the Caribbean and USA.

The Evolution of Corpus Callosotomy for Epilepsy Management.

Corpus callosotomy, first used in the management of epilepsy by William P. van Wagenen in 1940, was for years a contentious procedure. Two decades later, Nobel Laureate Roger W.

The rotational position of the aortic root related to its underlying ventricular support.

We aimed to assess the relationship of the rotational position of the aortic root to its underlying ventricular support, and to the position of the inferior margin of the membranous septum, which serves as a surrogate of the atrioventricular conduction axis. We analyzed 40 normal heart specimens (19 children, 21 adults). The inferior margin of the membranous septum was measured relative to the virtual basal ring.

Incidence and 5-year survival rate for head and neck cancers in Grenada compared to the African American population over the period 1991-2010.

Very little data exist on the incidence and burden of cancer in the individual Caribbean countries. Some data are available for larger areas, reported under a bigger geographical region; Latin America and the Caribbean, but many of the individual countries are not included. One of the main reasons is a lack of official cancer registries.

The blood supply to the sacrotuberous ligament.

Knowledge of the vascular supply associated with the sacrotuberous ligament is incomplete, and at most attributed to a single coccygeal branch. Our aim was to investigate the sacrotuberous ligament vasculature with a focus on its origin and distribution. We dissected 21 hemipelvises (10 male and 11 female).

Ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization: A review of the relevant anatomy, technique, complications, and anatomical variations.

Central venous catheterization is a commonly used and important intervention. Despite its regular use it is still associated with a high incidence of complications especially infection and catheter tip embolization. Addition of ultrasound guidance to the technique has shown great improvement to the time and number of attempts for successful catheterization.

Ultrasound and stethoscope as tools in medical education and practice: considerations for the archives.

Objectives: In recent years, the use and portability of ultrasound has threatened the utility of the stethoscope, with many debating and even advocating its replacement. The authors set out to assess opinions in this regard among faculty within a medical school and specifically within an anatomy department where ultrasound is incorporated into the curriculum from the first term.

Methods: A debate was elicited during a biweekly Anatomy Journal Club session and was centered on three published papers presented.

The subdiaphragmatic part of the phrenic nerve - morphometry and connections to autonomic ganglia.

Few anatomical textbooks offer much information concerning the anatomy and distribution of the phrenic nerve inferior to the diaphragm. The aim of this study was to identify the subdiaphragmatic distribution of the phrenic nerve, the presence of phrenic ganglia, and possible connections to the celiac plexus. One hundred and thirty formalin-fixed adult cadavers were studied.

The internal anatomy of the inferior vena cava with specific emphasis on the entrance of the renal, gonadal and lumbar veins.

Major tributaries such as the renal and adrenal veins have been studied extensively; however, tributaries of the infra-renal segment of the inferior vena cava (IVC) have not been given much attention. Accurate knowledge of the anatomy of these veins is necessary for improved efficacy of surgical interventions in the retroperitoneum. The aim of this study therefore was to provide a comprehensive picture of the internal anatomy of the tributaries of the infra-renal segment of the IVC.

The clinical anatomy of the musculotendinous part of the diaphragm.

The thoracoabdominal diaphragm is a composite musculotendinous structure, separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Reemphasis of the already well-delineated variations of the muscular and tendinous portions, and blood and nerve supply of the diaphragm is becoming apparent. Scientific reports concerning reconstruction of the pericardium, activation of the muscle and the phrenic nerves by use of laparoscopically placed intramuscular electrodes, and repair of congenital and traumatic hernias reemphasize the importance of the muscular to tendinous relationships.

The surgical anatomy of the inguinal lymphatics.

Knowledge of the lymphatic system plays critical importance in surgical oncology. The study of the lymphatic system and its role in tumor metastasis continues to advance with new anatomical and surgical studies, and with a new study, we can gain a better understanding on how aggressive surgeons need to be with nodal dissection while balancing the complications with overly aggressive approaches. The lymphatics of the inguinal region represent a network of lymph nodes and vessels, which act as the bridge among the lower extremities, pelvis, perineum, and rest of the body.

The surgical anatomy of the lymphatic system of the pancreas.

The lymphatic system of the pancreas is a complex, intricate network of lymphatic vessels and nodes responsible for the drainage of the head, neck, body, and tail of the pancreas. Its anatomical divisions and embryological development have been well described in the literature with emphasis on its clinical relevance in regards to pancreatic pathologies. A thorough knowledge and understanding of the lymphatic system surrounding the pancreas is critical for physicians in providing diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis.

Anatomical significance in aortoiliac occlusive disease.

Aortoiliac occlusive disease is a subset of peripheral arterial disease involving an atheromatous occlusion of the infrarenal aorta, common iliac arteries, or both. The disease, as it is known today, was described by the French surgeon René Leriche as a thrombotic occlusion of the end of the aorta. Leriche successfully linked the anatomic location of the occlusion with a unique triad of symptoms, including claudication, impotence, and decreased peripheral pulses.

A review of the anatomy and clinical significance of adrenal veins.

The adrenal veins may present with a multitude of anatomical variants, which surgeons must be aware of when performing adrenalectomies. The adrenal veins originate during the formation of the prerenal inferior vena cava (IVC) and are remnants of the caudal portion of the subcardinal veins, cranial to the subcardinal sinus in the embryo. The many communications between the posterior cardinal, supracardinal, and subcardinal veins of the primordial venous system provide an explanation for the variable anatomy.

The lateral thoracic artery revisited.

Background: Although the variations in the origin of the branches of the axillary and subclavian arteries have been well documented, little information regarding the highly variable lateral thoracic artery (LTA) is available. Descriptions of the LTA variations may prove useful during procedures of the lateral aspects of the thorax such as reconstructive plastic surgery and modified radical mastectomy.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the anatomy of the LTA and offer an accurate account of its variability.