Development of a deep learning method to identify acute ischaemic stroke lesions on brain CT.

Background: CT is commonly used to image patients with ischaemic stroke but radiologist interpretation may be delayed. Machine learning techniques can provide rapid automated CT assessment but are usually developed from annotated images which necessarily limits the size and representation of development data sets. We aimed to develop a deep learning (DL) method using CT brain scans that were labelled but not annotated for the presence of ischaemic lesions.

Nuclear pore complexes undergo Nup221 exchange during blood-stage asexual replication of parasites.

Unlabelled: parasites, the causative agents of malaria, undergo closed mitosis without breakdown of the nuclear envelope. Unlike closed mitosis in yeast, parasites undergo multiple rounds of asynchronous nuclear divisions in a shared cytoplasm. This results in a multinucleated organism prior to the formation of daughter cells within an infected red blood cell.

Diffusion Models for Counterfactual Generation and Anomaly Detection in Brain Images.

Segmentation masks of pathological areas are useful in many medical applications, such as brain tumour and stroke management. Moreover, healthy counterfactuals of diseased images can be used to enhance radiologists' training files and to improve the interpretability of segmentation models. In this work, we present a weakly supervised method to generate a healthy version of a diseased image and then use it to obtain a pixel-wise anomaly map.

Nuclear pore complexes undergo Nup221 exchange during blood stage asexual replication of Plasmodium parasites.

Plasmodium parasites, which are the causative agents of malaria, undergo closed mitosis without breakdown of the nuclear envelope. Unlike the closed mitosis in yeast, P. berghei parasites undergo multiple rounds of asynchronous nuclear divisions in a shared cytoplasm result in a multinucleated (8-24) organism prior to formation of daughter cells within an infected red blood cell.

Evaluating artificial intelligence software for delineating hemorrhage extent on CT brain imaging in stroke: AI delineation of ICH on CT.

Background: The extent and distribution of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) directly affects clinical management. Artificial intelligence (AI) software can detect and may delineate ICH extent on brain CT. We evaluated e-ASPECTS software (Brainomix Ltd.

Poststroke Executive Function in Relation to White Matter Damage on Clinically Acquired CT Brain Imaging.

Background: Executive function (EF) impairments are prevalent post stroke and are associated with white matter (WM) damage on MRI. However, less is known about the relationship between poststroke EF and WM damage on CT imaging.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between poststroke EF and WM damage associated with stroke lesions and WM hypointensities (WMHs) on clinically acquired CT imaging.

Prehospital transdermal glyceryl trinitrate in patients with ultra-acute presumed stroke (RIGHT-2): effects on outcomes at day 365 in a randomised, sham-controlled, blinded, phase III, superiority ambulance-based trial.

Background: The Rapid Intervention with Glyceryl Trinitrate in Hypertensive Stroke Trial-2 (RIGHT-2) reported no overall treatment difference between glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) and sham at day 90. Here we assess participants' outcomes 1 year after randomisation.

Methods: RIGHT-2 was an ambulance-based prospective randomised controlled trial where patients with presumed stroke and systolic blood pressure (BP) of >120 mm Hg received either GTN (5 mg/day) or sham patch.

Prehospital transdermal glyceryl trinitrate for ultra-acute ischaemic stroke: data from the RIGHT-2 randomised sham-controlled ambulance trial.

Background: The effect of transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, a nitrovasodilator) on clinical outcome when administered before hospital admission in suspected stroke patients is unclear. Here, we assess the safety and efficacy of GTN in the prespecified subgroup of patients who had an ischaemic stroke within the Rapid Intervention with Glyceryl trinitrate in Hypertensive stroke Trial-2 (RIGHT-2).

Methods: RIGHT-2 was an ambulance-based multicentre sham-controlled blinded-endpoint study with patients randomised within 4 hours of onset.

Accuracy of artificial intelligence software for CT angiography in stroke.

Objective: Software developed using artificial intelligence may automatically identify arterial occlusion and provide collateral vessel scoring on CT angiography (CTA) performed acutely for ischemic stroke. We aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of e-CTA by Brainomix™ Ltd by large-scale independent testing using expert reading as the reference standard.

Methods: We identified a large clinically representative sample of baseline CTA from 6 studies that recruited patients with acute stroke symptoms involving any arterial territory.

Baseline brain imaging signs in patients with ischaemic stroke by the presence of atrial fibrillation: the ENCHANTED trial.

Background: We aimed to assess the association of atrial fibrillation (AF) on outcomes in a post hoc analysis of the ENCHANTED (Enhanced Control of Hypertension and Thrombolysis Stroke Study) and how this association is modified by baseline imaging features.

Methods: Inverse probability of treatment weight was used to remove baseline imbalances between those with and without AF. The primary outcome was the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at 90 days.

MRI for collateral assessment pre-thrombectomy and association with outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: Various neuroimaging methods exist to assess the collateral circulation in stroke patients but much of the evidence is based on computed tomography. Our aim was to review the evidence for using magnetic resonance imaging for collateral status evaluation pre-thrombectomy and assess the impact of these methods on functional independence.

Methods: We systematically reviewed EMBASE and MEDLINE for studies that evaluated baseline collaterals using MRI pre-thrombectomy and conducted a meta-analysis to express the relationship between good collaterals (defined variably as the presence [good] vs absence [poor] or quality [ordinal scores binarized as good-moderate vs poor] of collaterals) and functional independence (modified Rankin score mRS≤2) at 90 days.

Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cerebral ischaemia in thrombolysed patients: insights from the ENCHANTED trial.

Background: Intensive blood pressure lowering may adversely affect evolving cerebral ischaemia. We aimed to determine whether intensive blood pressure lowering altered the size of cerebral infarction in the 2196 patients who participated in the Enhanced Control of Hypertension and Thrombolysis Stroke Study, an international randomised controlled trial of intensive (systolic target 130-140 mm Hg within 1 h; maintained for 72 h) or guideline-recommended (systolic target <180 mm Hg) blood pressure management in patients with hypertension (systolic blood pressure >150 mm Hg) after thrombolysis treatment for acute ischaemic stroke between March 3, 2012 and April 30, 2018.

Methods: All available brain imaging were analysed centrally by expert readers.

Assessing Brain Tissue Viability on Nonenhanced Computed Tomography After Ischemic Stroke.

Background: Treatment for ischemic stroke can be offered beyond conventional time limits for patients with favorable computed tomography perfusion (CTP), but this is not universally available. We sought a threshold for brain attenuation on nonenhanced computed tomography (NECT) to differentiate CTP-defined penumbra vs core, and correlated NECT features with CTP.

Methods: We retrospectively assessed consecutive patients presenting to King Abdulaziz University Hospital with ischemic stroke (2017-2020), baseline NECT, and a visible defect on concurrent CTP.

The PTEX Pore Component EXP2 Is Important for Intrahepatic Development during the Liver Stage.

During vertebrate infection, obligate intracellular malaria parasites develop within a parasitophorous vacuole, which constitutes the interface between the parasite and its hepatocyte or erythrocyte host cells. To traverse this barrier, spp. utilize a dual-function pore formed by EXP2 for nutrient transport and, in the context of the PTEX translocon, effector protein export across the vacuole membrane.

External Validation of e-ASPECTS Software for Interpreting Brain CT in Stroke.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to test e-ASPECTS software in patients with stroke. Marketed as a decision-support tool, e-ASPECTS may detect features of ischemia or hemorrhage on computed tomography (CT) imaging and quantify ischemic extent using Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS).

Methods: Using CT from 9 stroke studies, we compared software with masked experts.

TurboID Identification of Evolutionarily Divergent Components of the Nuclear Pore Complex in the Malaria Model Plasmodium berghei.

Twenty years since the publication of the Plasmodium falciparum and P. berghei genomes one-third of their protein-coding genes still lack functional annotation. In the absence of sequence and structural homology, protein-protein interactions can facilitate functional prediction of such orphan genes by mapping protein complexes in their natural cellular environment.

Nodulisporic acid produces direct activation and positive allosteric modulation of AVR-14B, a glutamate-gated chloride channel from adult .

Glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) are unique to invertebrates and are targeted by macrocyclic lactones. In this study, we cloned an AVR-14B GluCl subunit from adult , a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis in humans. To elucidate this channel's pharmacological properties, we used oocytes for expression and performed two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology.

Normal Appearing Ischaemic Brain Tissue on CT and Outcome After Intravenous Alteplase.

Background And Aims: The visibility of ischaemic brain lesions on non-enhanced CT increases with time. Obviously hypoattenuating lesions likely represent infarction. Conversely, viable ischaemic brain lesions may be non-visible on CT.