Executive Functions as Measured by the Dog Executive Function Scale (DEFS) over the Lifespan of Dogs.

Executive Functions (EFs) are needed for effortful self-regulation of behaviour and are known to change over the lifespan in humans. In domestic dogs, EFs can be assessed through behavioural rating scales, such as the Dog Executive Function Scale (DEFS). The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether the DEFS, developed initially using a sample of adult dogs, can be used in juvenile (<1 year) and senior (>8 years) dogs.

Development of the dog executive function scale (DEFS) for adult dogs.

Executive functions (EFs) are cognitive processes that are used to effortfully self-regulate behaviour and might be important for dogs' success in working and pet roles. Currently, studies are assessing dogs' EF skills through often laborious cognitive measures, leading to small sample sizes and lacking measures of reliability. A complementary method is needed.

Environmental influences on development of executive functions in dogs.

Executive functions (EFs) are a set of cognitive processes used for effortful self-regulation of behaviour. They include inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility and, in some models, attention. In humans, socioeconomic factors and life experiences shape development of EFs.