Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Background: There is growing evidence from laboratory and clinical trials that deep brain stimulation (DBS) at memory associated structures enhances cognitive functions. Best site for memory enhancing-DBS is still unclear. The medial septum (MS), the important modulator of the hippocampal neural network, might be a key target to accomplish therapeutic efficacy in memory impaired patients.

Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive cognitive decline over age 65. Individuals suffering from this disease suffer memory loss, and histological examination of the brains. Okadaic acid (OA), is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.

Short- and long-term effects of chronic toluene exposure on recognition memory in adolescent and adult male Wistar rats.

Abuse of toluene-containing volatile inhalants, particularly among youth, is of significant medical and social concern worldwide. Teenagers constitute the most abundant users of toluene and the majority of adult abusers of toluene started as teenagers. Although the euphoric and neurotoxic effects of acute toluene have been widely studied, lasting effects of chronic toluene exposure, especially in various age groups, have not been well investigated.

Age-related changes in medial septal cholinergic and GABAergic projection neurons and hippocampal neurotransmitter receptors: relationship with memory impairment.

The hippocampus, which provides cognitive functions, has been shown to become highly vulnerable during aging. One important modulator of the hippocampal neural network is the medial septum (MS). The present study attempts to determine how age-related mnemonic dysfunction is associated with neurochemical changes in the septohippocampal (SH) system, using behavioral and immunochemical experiments performed on young-adult, middle-aged and aged rats.

Myo-Inositol Limits Kainic Acid-Induced Epileptogenesis in Rats.

Epilepsy is a severe neurological disease characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). A complex pathophysiological process referred to as epileptogenesis transforms a normal brain into an epileptic one. Prevention of epileptogenesis is a subject of intensive research.

Modulation of spatial memory and expression of hippocampal neurotransmitter receptors by selective lesion of medial septal cholinergic and GABAergic neurons.

The medial septum (MS) is an important modulator of hippocampal function. The degree of damage in which the particular set of septo-hippocampal projections contributes to the deficits of spatial memory with concomitant changes of hippocampal receptors expression has not been studied till present. Therefore, we investigated spatial memory and the expression level of cholinergic (α7 nACh and M1), GABAergic (α1 subunit of GABAA) and glutamatergic (NR2B subunit of NMDA and GluR 1 subunit of AMPA) receptors in the hippocampus following selective lesions of cholinergic and GABAergic septo-hippocampal projection.

Memantine treatment prevents okadaic acid induced neurotoxicity at the systemic and molecular levels.

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of okadaic acid intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection on memory function and expression level of α7 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and NR2B subunit of NMDA glutamate receptors in the hippocampus, as well as effect of the antidementic drug memantine on okadaic acid induced changes at systemic and molecular levels in rats. Okadaic acid was dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) and injected ICV 200 ng/10 μl. Vehicle control received 10 μl of aCSF ICV bilaterally.