ARPA-H for Radiologists: Novel Funding Opportunities and Results of a National Survey.

The Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) is a new federal agency established by the Biden administration in March 2022 to accelerate US government-funded biomedical and health solutions. ARPA-H has a distinct operating model, leadership structure, and funds flow separate from the National Institutes of Health. In 2023, the Association of Academic Radiology formed a Radiology Research Alliance taskforce to better understand the mission, vision, and guiding principles of ARPA-H and relevance to radiology and biomedical imaging research.

Brain MRI in infants exposed to the Zika virus, with one-year follow-up: expanding the phenotype.

Objective: To analyze longitudinal changes between two brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams performed one year apart in symptomatic infants with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) and normocephalic infants exposed to the Zika virus (ZIKV) prenatally.

Materials And Methods: This was a prospective observational study. Infants born to women who tested positive for ZIKV on reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction during pregnancy were classified into two groups: symptomatic infants with CZS and asymptomatic infants.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Orbital Imaging and Vision Loss-Child.

Orbital disorders in children consist of varied pathologies affecting the orbits, orbital contents, visual pathway, and innervation of the extraocular or intraocular muscles. The underlying etiology of these disorders may be traumatic or nontraumatic. Presumed location of the lesion along with the additional findings, such as eye pain, swelling, exophthalmos/enophthalmos, erythema, conjunctival vascular dilatation, intraocular pressure, etc, help in determining if imaging is needed, modality of choice, and extent of coverage (orbits and/or head).

Recommendations for quantitative cerebral perfusion MRI using multi-timepoint arterial spin labeling: Acquisition, quantification, and clinical applications.

Accurate assessment of cerebral perfusion is vital for understanding the hemodynamic processes involved in various neurological disorders and guiding clinical decision-making. This guidelines article provides a comprehensive overview of quantitative perfusion imaging of the brain using multi-timepoint arterial spin labeling (ASL), along with recommendations for its acquisition and quantification. A major benefit of acquiring ASL data with multiple label durations and/or post-labeling delays (PLDs) is being able to account for the effect of variable arterial transit time (ATT) on quantitative perfusion values and additionally visualize the spatial pattern of ATT itself, providing valuable clinical insights.

International Consensus Statement on the Radiological Evaluation of Dysraphic Malformations of the Spine and Spinal Cord.

Dysraphic malformations of the spine and spinal cord (DMSSC) represent a spectrum of common congenital anomalies typically (though not exclusively) affecting the lower spinal segments. These may be responsible for varying degrees of neurologic, orthopedic, and urologic morbidity. With advances in neuroimaging, it is now possible to better diagnose and evaluate these disorders both prenatally and postnatally.

Elexacaftor-Tezacaftor-Ivacaftor Therapy for Chronic Sinus Disease in Cystic Fibrosis.

Importance: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multiorgan genetic disease with progressive upper and lower airway involvement. The effects of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modifier therapies on CF-related upper airway disease, specifically chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), are not characterized.

Objective: To determine the outcome of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor (ETI) on CRS as measured by changes in sinus computed tomography (CT) metrics and on clinical parameters in individuals with CF.

The unintended consequences of artificial intelligence in paediatric radiology.

Over the past decade, there has been a dramatic rise in the interest relating to the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology. Originally only 'narrow' AI tasks were possible; however, with increasing availability of data, teamed with ease of access to powerful computer processing capabilities, we are becoming more able to generate complex and nuanced prediction models and elaborate solutions for healthcare. Nevertheless, these AI models are not without their failings, and sometimes the intended use for these solutions may not lead to predictable impacts for patients, society or those working within the healthcare profession.

Pediatric Spine Tumors and Dysontogenetic Masses.

The pediatric spine undergoes complex stages of development and growth, resulting in highly age-dependent physiology and variable susceptibility to certain pathologies. Optimal radiologic evaluation requires image acquisition tailored to the clinical history and an interpretive approach that accounts for demographic variations. In this article, the author discusses the diagnostic approach to pediatric spine masses, beginning with a discussion of normal anatomy and variants, clinical evaluation, and imaging techniques and protocols.

Neurofluids and the glymphatic system: anatomy, physiology, and imaging.

First described in 2012, the glymphatic system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis within the central nervous system, including nutrient delivery, waste clearance, and consistency of the ionic microenvironment. It is comprised of glial cells and barrier systems that modulate neurofluid production, circulation, and exchange. Experimental interrogation of neurofluid dynamics is restricted to and studies in animals and humans, therefore diagnostic imaging plays an important role in minimally invasive evaluation.

Novel MRI deformation-heterogeneity radiomic features are associated with molecular subgroups and overall survival in pediatric medulloblastoma: Preliminary findings from a multi-institutional study.

Introduction: Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant, heterogenous brain tumor. Advances in molecular profiling have led to identifying four molecular subgroups of MB (WNT, SHH, Group 3, Group 4), each with distinct clinical behaviors. We hypothesize that (1) aggressive MB tumors, growing heterogeneously, induce pronounced local structural deformations in the surrounding parenchyma, and (b) these local deformations as captured on Gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced-T1w MRI are independently associated with molecular subgroups, as well as overall survival in MB patients.

Classifying the Large Vestibular Aqueduct: Morphometry to Audiometry.

Objective: Large vestibular aqueduct (LVA) is the most common inner ear dysplasia identified in patients with hearing loss. Our objective was to systematically quantify LVA morphologies and correlate imaging findings with established audiometric outcomes.

Study Design: Retrospective review.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Ataxia-Child.

Childhood ataxia may be due to multifactorial causes of impairment in the coordination of movement and balance. Acutely presenting ataxia in children may be due to infectious, inflammatory, toxic, ischemic, or traumatic etiology. Intermittent or episodic ataxia in children may be manifestations of migraine, benign positional vertigo, or intermittent metabolic disorders.

Role of Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Findings in Early Recognition and Diagnosis of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis Type 2 Disease.

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 (CLN2) disease is a very rare neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder. Progression is rapid and irreversible, making early diagnosis crucial for timely treatment. A group of pediatric neurologists and neuroradiologists with expertise in CLN2 convened to discuss early electroencephalogram (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in CLN2 diagnosis.

Congenital Brain Malformations: An Integrated Diagnostic Approach.

Congenital brain malformations are abnormalities present at birth that can result from developmental disruptions at various embryonic or fetal stages. The clinical presentation is nonspecific and can include developmental delay, hypotonia, and/or epilepsy. An informed combination of imaging and genetic testing enables early and accurate diagnosis and management planning.

Utilization of neonatal sedation and anesthesia: an SPR survey.

Background: There is little data regarding the use of sedation and anesthesia for neonatal imaging, with practice patterns varying widely across institutions.

Objective: To understand the current utilization of sedation and anesthesia for neonatal imaging, and review the current literature and recommendations.

Materials And Methods: One thousand, two hundred twenty-six questionnaire invitations were emailed to North American physician members of the Society for Pediatric Radiology using the Survey Monkey platform.

Zero-TE MRI: principles and applications in the head and neck.

Zero echo-time (ZTE) MRI is a novel imaging technique that utilizes ultrafast readouts to capture signal from short-T2 tissues. Additional sequence advantages include rapid imaging times, silent scanning, and artifact resistance. A robust application of this technology is imaging of cortical bone without the use of ionizing radiation, thus representing a viable alternative to CT for both rapid screening and "one-stop-shop" MRI.

Guidelines for magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric head and neck pathologies: a multicentre international consensus paper.

The use of standardized imaging protocols is paramount in order to facilitate comparable, reproducible images and, consequently, to optimize patient care. Standardized MR protocols are lacking when studying head and neck pathologies in the pediatric population. We propose an international, multicenter consensus paper focused on providing the best combination of acquisition time/technical requirements and image quality.

Multidelay ASL of the pediatric brain.

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a powerful noncontrast MRI technique for evaluation of cerebral blood flow (CBF). A key parameter in single-delay ASL is the choice of postlabel delay (PLD), which refers to the timing between the labeling of arterial free water and measurement of flow into the brain. Multidelay ASL (MDASL) utilizes several PLDs to improve the accuracy of CBF calculations using arterial transit time (ATT) correction.

Academic Onboarding: A Practical Guide for the Junior, Early Career Radiologist.

A career in academia can provide a long-lasting, stimulating and fulfilling experience. It is an opportunity for professional growth, teaching, generating knowledge, and personal fulfillment. Many academic institutions experience challenges with low faculty retention and professional engagement.

Novel truncating variant in associated with cerebellar hypoplasia and velopharyngeal dysfunction.

-related neurodevelopmental disorder is a recently described intellectual disability syndrome often with speech difficulties. Here, we describe an individual with a heterozygous frameshift variant in (NM_182931.2:c.