Possible combined effect of perindopril and Azilsartan in an experimental model of dementia in rats.

Renin-angiotensin system exerted deleterious effects on learning and cognitive functions through different mechanisms. The present study has been designed to evaluate the protective effect of perindopril and azilsartan as monotherapy or in combination on aluminum chloride (AlCl) induced neurobehavioral and pathological changes in Alzheimeric rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into nine groups (n = 6); negative control, AlCl3 treated, vehicle, AlCl3 and Azilsartan (3.

Dilemmas of the causality assessment tools in the diagnosis of adverse drug reactions.

Importance: Basic essence of Pharmacovigilance is prevention of ADRs and its precise diagnosis is crucially a primary step, which still remains a challenge among clinicians.

Objective: This study is undertaken with the objective to scrutinize and offer a notion of commonly used as well as recently developed methods of causality assessment tools for the diagnosis of adverse drug reactions and discuss their pros and cons.

Evidence Review: Overall 49 studies were recognized for all assessment methods with five major decisive factors of causality evaluation, all the information regarding reasons allocating causality, the advantages and limitations of the appraisal methods were extracted and scrutinized.

The possible antianginal effect of allopurinol in vasopressin-induced ischemic model in rats.

The anti-anginal effects of allopurinol were assessed in experimental model rats of angina and their effects were evaluated with amlodipine. In the vasopressin-induced angina model, oral administration of allopurinol in dose of 10 mg/kg revealed remarkably analogous effects in comparison with amlodipine such as dose-dependent suppression of vasopressin-triggered time, duration and severity of ST depression. In addition, allopurinol produced dose dependent suppression of plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, systolic blood pressure, cardiac contractility and cardiac oxygen consumption; while in contrast, amlodipine minimally suppressed the elevation of plasma MDA level.