Gut-brain Axis and migraine headache: a comprehensive review.

The terminology "gut-brain axis "points out a bidirectional relationship between the GI system and the central nervous system (CNS). To date, several researches have shown that migraine is associated with some gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and celiac disease (CD). The present review article aims to discuss the direct and indirect evidence suggesting relationships between migraine and the gut-brain axis.

Association of Limb-Girdle muscular dystrophy with multiple sclerosis: A case report.

Background: The association of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) with other neurological disorders is uncommon.

Case Presentation: We report a 25-year-old female with LGMD who suffered from slowly progressive proximal muscular weakness and atrophy since she was 12 years of age. The patient recently presented with acute loss of left side visual acuity.

Recurrent isolated optic neuritis: A study on 22 patients.

Isolated relapsing optic neuropathy is a recurrent painful optic nerve inflammation without any sign of other demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorders, and the attacks are purely responsive to steroid therapy. Recurrent isolated optic neuritis (RION) was diagnosed in patients who presented with at least two disseminating episodes of optic neuritis, and negative clinical, para-clinical, and radiological features of the demyelinating, infiltrative and vasculitis disorders involving optic nerve. The patients were assigned into two groups, chronic recurrent isolated optic neuritis (CRION) entailing patients with steroid dependent attack of optic neuritis and RION patients without steroid dependent attack of optic neuritis.

HD-tDCS in refractory lateral frontal lobe epilepsy patients.

Purpose: To evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of the novel high definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) method on patients with refractory lateral frontal lobe epilepsy. The effects of HD-tDCS on working memory were also examined.

Method: 10 adult patients with intractable lateral frontal lobe epilepsy were studied.

Screw as a Bladder Foreign Body.

Foreign bodies in the bladder are among the strangest differential diagnoses in the lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and may be missed in initial medical evaluations. We present a 63-year-old man who was visited in the emergency department because of obstructive and irritative lower urinary tract symptoms. Two months earlier, he had a pelvic fracture due to motor vehicle accident and underwent an open reduction and internal fixation of the pubic rami and right acetabulum by an anterior ilioinguinal approach.