Characterizing Different Probiotic-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Novel Adjuvant for Immunotherapy.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from probiotics, defined as live microorganisms with beneficial effects on the host, are expected to be new nanomaterials for EV-based therapy. To clarify the usability of probiotic-derived EVs in terms of EV-based therapy, we systematically evaluated their characteristics, including the yield, physicochemical properties, the cellular uptake mechanism, and biological functions, using three different types of probiotics: , and WCFS1. secreted the largest amounts of EVs, whereas all the EVs showed comparable particle sizes and zeta potentials, ranging from 100 to 150 nm and -8 to -10 mV, respectively.