Haemoxygenase modulates cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant in hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury.

Aim: To investigate the hepatic microcirculatory changes due to Haemoxygenase (HO), effect of HO inhibition on remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) and modulation of CINC.

Methods: Eight groups of animals were studied - Sham, ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) the animals were subjected to 45 min of hepatic ischemia followed by three hours of reperfusion, RIPC (remote ischemic preconditioning) + IRI group, remote ischemic preconditioning in sham (RIPC + Sham), PDTC + IR (Pyridodithiocarbamate, HO donor), ZnPP + RIPC + IRI (Zinc protoporphyrin prior to preconditioning), IR-24 (45 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion), RIPC + IR-24 (preconditioning prior to IR). After 3 and 24 h of reperfusion the animals were killed by exsanguination and samples were taken.

The applicability of hepatocellular carcinoma risk prediction scores in a North American patient population with chronic hepatitis B infection.

Background: Patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection are at an increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Risk scores have been developed in Asian populations to predict HCC risk over time.

Aim: To assess the performance of HCC risk prediction models in a heterogeneous population of patients with CHB.

Does antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma?

Chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB) is common and can lead to serious consequences including liver cirrhosis, failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a simple genome, but a complex lifecycle that includes the production of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Currently approved antiviral treatments for CHB include interferon (IFN) and nucleos(t)ide analogues.

Education provides significant benefits to patients with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review.

Background & Aims: Education of individuals who are at risk for, or have been diagnosed with, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections can improve their participation in disease management. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the effects of educational interventions for patients with HBV or HCV infections.

Methods: We searched multiple databases for peer-reviewed studies of individuals with HBV or HCV infection, or those at risk for infection.

The hepatic soluble guanylyl cyclase-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway mediates the protection of remote ischemic preconditioning on the microcirculation in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Background: Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) protects against liver ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. An essential circulating mediator of this protection is nitric oxide (NO) induced by lower limb RIPC. One of the mechanisms through which NO generally acts is the soluble guanylyl cyclase-cyclic GMP (sGC-cGMP) pathway.

Techniques of flushing and reperfusion for liver transplantation.

Background: Various techniques of flushing and reperfusion have been advocated to improve outcomes after liver transplantation. There is considerable uncertainty as to which method is superior.

Objectives: To compare the benefits and harms of different methods of flushing and reperfusion during liver implantation in the transplant recipients.

The nitric oxide pathway--evidence and mechanisms for protection against liver ischaemia reperfusion injury.

Ischaemia reperfusion (IR) injury is a clinical entity with a major contribution to the morbidity and mortality of liver surgery and transplantation. A central pathway of protection against IR injury utilizes nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes manufacture NO from L-arginine.

Modulation of microcirculatory changes in the late phase of hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury by remote ischaemic preconditioning.

Background:   Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a novel method of protecting the liver from ischaemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury. Protective effects in the early phase (4-6 h) have been demonstrated, but no studies have focused on the late phase (24 h) of hepatic I-R. This study analysed events in the late phase of I-R following RIPC and focused on the microcirculation, inflammatory cascade and the role of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1).

Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in remote ischemic preconditioning of the mouse liver.

Hindlimb remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) reduces liver ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury in wild-type mice. The underlying mechanisms of RIPC are currently unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in mediating the protective effects of RIPC.

Nitric oxide is an essential mediator of the protective effects of remote ischaemic preconditioning in a mouse model of liver ischaemia/reperfusion injury.

NO (nitric oxide) may protect the liver from IR (ischaemia/reperfusion) injury. RIPC (remote ischaemic preconditioning) also protects against liver IR injury; however, the molecular mediator(s) of RIPC are currently unknown. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of NO in hindlimb RIPC-induced protection against liver IR injury.

Effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on liver ischemia/reperfusion injury using a new mouse model.

Ischemic preconditioning of remote organs (RIPC) reduces liver ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury in the rabbit and rat. Mice are the only species available with a large number of transgenic strains. This study describes development and validation of a mouse model of hindlimb RIPC that attenuates liver IR injury.

Liver ischemia/reperfusion injury: processes in inflammatory networks--a review.

Liver ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is typified by an inflammatory response. Understanding the cellular and molecular events underpinning this inflammation is fundamental to developing therapeutic strategies. Great strides have been made in this respect recently.

Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of pharmacological interventions to reduce ischaemia-reperfusion injury in elective liver resection with vascular occlusion.

Background: Vascular occlusion during liver resection results in ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, which can lead to liver dysfunction. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the benefits and harms of using various pharmacological agents to decrease IR injury during liver resection with vascular occlusion.

Methods: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating pharmacological agents in liver resections conducted under vascular occlusion were identified.

Blind peritoneal access during laparoscopy: why is it still being used?

Laparoscopy is an important diagnostic and therapeutic modality. It is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures. Gaining access into the peritoneal cavity and insufflation is the first step in any laparoscopy.

Pharmacological interventions for ischaemia reperfusion injury in liver resection surgery performed under vascular control.

Background: Vascular occlusion used during elective liver resection to reduce blood loss results in significant ischaemia reperfusion (IR) injury. This in turn leads to significant postoperative liver dysfunction and morbidity. Various pharmacological drugs have been used in experimental settings to ameliorate the ischaemia reperfusion injury in liver resections.

Pharmacological interventions versus no pharmacological intervention for ischaemia reperfusion injury in liver resection surgery performed under vascular control.

Background: Vascular occlusion to reduce blood loss is used during elective liver resection but results in significant ischaemia reperfusion injury. This, in turn, might lead to significant postoperative liver dysfunction and morbidity. Various pharmacological drugs have been used with an intention to ameliorate the ischaemia reperfusion injury in liver resections.

Effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on hepatic microcirculation and function in a rat model of hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury.

Background: Liver transplantation involves a period of ischemia and reperfusion to the graft which leads to primary non-function and dysfunction of the liver in 5-10% of cases. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) has been shown to reduce ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) injury to the liver and increase hepatic blood flow. We hypothesized that RIPC may directly modulate hepatic microcirculation and have investigated this using intravital microscopy.

Cholecystectomy for gallbladder polyp.

Background: The management of gallbladder polyps is controversial. Cholecystectomy has been recommended for gallbladder polyps larger than 10 mm because of the association with gallbladder cancer. Cholecystectomy has also been suggested for gallbladder polyps smaller than 10 mm in patients with biliary type of symptoms.

Remote ischemic preconditioning: a novel protective method from ischemia reperfusion injury--a review.

Background: Restoration of blood supply to an organ after a critical period of ischemia results in parenchymal injury and dysfunction of the organ referred to as reperfusion injury. Ischemia reperfusion injury is often seen in organ transplants, major organ resections and in shock. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an adaptational response of briefly ischemic tissues which serves to protect against subsequent prolonged ischemic insults and reperfusion injury.

5-HT7 receptor subtype as a mediator of the serotonergic regulation of luteinizing hormone release in the zona incerta.

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and the 5-HT(1A/7) receptor agonist (+)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralinHBr (8-OH-DPAT), injected into the zona incerta (an area in the dorsal hypothalamus) of the female rat, inhibit the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and the effects of both are blocked by the 5-HT(2/7) receptor antagonist, ritanserin. As both 8-OH-DPAT and ritanserin have moderate activity at the 5-HT7 receptor subtype, the possibility that this subtype might mediate their effects in the zona incerta has been investigated. Ovariectomised rats were primed with 5 microg oestradiol benzoate followed at 48 h by 0.