Mechanistic insights into high permeation vesicle-mediated synergistic enhancement of transdermal drug permeation.

To design a nanocarrier platform for enhanced transdermal drug permeation. Gel-based high permeation vesicles (HPVs) were developed and their performance in terms of transdermal flux improvement, release and skin irritancy was assessed. The mechanistic insights of permeation enhancement were explored using confocal laser scanning microscopy, ATR-FTIR, DSC and P NMR.