Relationship between High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Insulin Resistance in Non-diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease Patients.

Insulin resistance is linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), even in non-diabetic patients. Therefore, insulin resistance contributes to the development of CVDs, which are the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and patients receiving dialysis replacement therapy. Furthermore, CKD greatly affects the enzyme activities responsible for the metabolism of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), causing an abnormal composition and function of HDL, which results in the loss of the anti-inflammatory effect of HDL and its protective effect against CVD.

Zinc alpha 2 glycoprotein as an early biomarker of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: Although microalbuminuria remains the gold standard for early detection of diabetic nephropathy (DN), it is not a sufficiently accurate predictor of DN risk. Thus, new biomarkers that would help to predict DN risk earlier and possibly prevent the occurrence of end-stage kidney disease are being investigated.

Objective: To investigate the role of zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAG) as an early marker of DN in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients.