CD2 expressing innate lymphoid and T cells are critical effectors of immunopathogenesis in hidradenitis suppurativa.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, debilitating inflammatory skin disease with a poorly understood immunopathogenesis. Here, we report that HS lesional skin is characterized by the expansion of innate lymphocytes and T cells expressing CD2, an essential activation receptor and adhesion molecule. Lymphocytes expressing elevated CD2 predominated with unique spatial distribution throughout the epidermis and hypodermis in the HS lesion.

Advances in molecular pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa: Dysregulated keratins and ECM signaling.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is characterized by deep-seated, highly inflamed, and painful lumps/abscesses, fistulae, and sinus tracts that grow extensively deep in the dermis and are highly immunogenic in nature. In about one-third of the HS patients there is strong evidence for the role of γ-secretase mutations along with dysregulated Notch signaling. However, the contribution of dysregulated Notch signaling in HS pathogenesis in relation to hair follicle alterations and hyper-activation of the immune system remains undefined.

Epigenetic regulation in the pathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancer.

Understanding of cancer with the help of ever-expanding cutting edge technological tools and bioinformatics is revolutionizing modern cancer research by broadening the space of discovery window of various genomic and epigenomic processes. Genomics data integrated with multi-omics layering have advanced cancer research. Uncovering such layers of genetic mutations/modifications, epigenetic regulation and their role in the complex pathophysiology of cancer progression could lead to novel therapeutic interventions.

Drug Targets in Neurotrophin Signaling in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System.

Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that play an important role in the regulation of the growth, survival, and differentiation of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. Neurotrophins were earlier characterized by their role in early development, growth, maintenance, and the plasticity of the nervous system during development, but recent findings also indicate their complex role during normal physiology in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Therefore, it is important to recognize a deficiency in the expression of neurotrophins, a major factor driving the debilitating features of several neurologic and psychiatric diseases/disorders.

Autophagy Activation Alleviates Amyloid-β-Induced Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis and Neurotoxicity in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells.

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved catabolic process that ensures continuous removal of damaged cell organelles and long-lived protein aggregates to maintain cellular homeostasis. Although autophagy has been implicated in amyloid-β (Aβ) production and deposition, its role in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease remains elusive. Thus, the present study was undertaken to assess the cytoprotective and neuroprotective potential of autophagy on Aβ-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.

Neuroprotection Through Rapamycin-Induced Activation of Autophagy and PI3K/Akt1/mTOR/CREB Signaling Against Amyloid-β-Induced Oxidative Stress, Synaptic/Neurotransmission Dysfunction, and Neurodegeneration in Adult Rats.

Autophagy is a catabolic process involved in the continuous removal of toxic protein aggregates and cellular organelles to maintain the homeostasis and functional integrity of cells. The mechanistic understanding of autophagy mediated neuroprotection during the development of neurodegenerative disorders remains elusive. Here, we investigated the potential role of rapamycin-induced activation of autophagy and PI3K/Akt1/mTOR/CREB pathway(s) in the neuroprotection of amyloid-beta (Aβ1-42)-insulted hippocampal neurons in rat model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) like phenotypes.

An Overview on Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell-Based Alternative In Vitro Models for Developmental Neurotoxicity Assessment.

The developing brain is found highly vulnerable towards the exposure of different environmental chemicals/drugs, even at concentrations, those are generally considered safe in mature brain. The brain development is a very complex phenomenon which involves several processes running in parallel such as cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, maturation and synaptogenesis. If any step of these cellular processes hampered due to exposure of any xenobiotic/drug, there is almost no chance of recovery which could finally result in a life-long disability.

Differences in the expression and sensitivity of cultured rat brain neuronal and glial cells toward the monocrotophos.

Inducible expressions cytochrome P450s (CYPs) against environmental chemicals in brain tissues of experimental animals is well-documented. However, the precise role of specific brain cell type in the metabolism of different class of xenobiotics has not been explored adequately. We study the expression of selected CYPs (1A1/1A2, 2B1/2B2, 2E1) in primary cultures of rat brain neuronal and glial cell exposed to an organophosphate pesticide-monocrotophos (MCP), a known neurotoxicant.

Ameliorative effects of dimetylthiourea and N-acetylcysteine on nanoparticles induced cyto-genotoxicity in human lung cancer cells-A549.

We study the ameliorative potential of dimetylthiourea (DMTU), an OH• radical trapper and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a glutathione precursor/H₂O₂ scavenger against titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) induced cyto-genotoxicity in cultured human lung cancer cells-A549. Cytogenotoxicity was induced by exposing the cells to selected concentrations (10 and 50 µg/ml) of either of TiO₂-NPs or MWCNTs for 24 h. Anti-cytogenotoxicity effects of DMTU and NAC were studied in two groups, i.

The anti-inflammatory and antibacterial basis of human omental defense: selective expression of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides.

Background: The wound healing properties of the human omentum are well known and have extensively been exploited clinically. However, the underlying mechanisms of these effects are not well understood. We hypothesize that the omentum tissue promotes wound healing via modulation of anti-inflammatory pathways, and because the omentum is rich in adipocytes, the adipocytes may modulate the anti-inflammatory response.

Monocrotophos induced apoptosis in PC12 cells: role of xenobiotic metabolizing cytochrome P450s.

Monocrotophos (MCP) is a widely used organophosphate (OP) pesticide. We studied apoptotic changes and their correlation with expression of selected cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in PC12 cells exposed to MCP. A significant induction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels were observed in cells exposed to MCP.

Potential of the propolis as storage medium to preserve the viability of cultured human periodontal ligament cells: an in vitro study.

Aim: In vitro experiments were carried out to evaluate the potential of propolis, a natural resin known for its wide therapeutic window, as storage medium to preserve the viability of cultured human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells.

Materials And Methods: Primary cultures of human PDL cells were subjected to either independent exposure of propolis (2.5%, 5.