A comprehensive survey on non-invasive wearable bladder volume monitoring systems.

Measuring the volume of urine in the bladder is a significant issue in patients who suffer from the lack of bladder fullness sensation or have problems with timeliness getting to the restroom, such as spinal cord injury patients and some of the elderlies. Real-time monitoring of the bladder, therefore, can be highly helpful for urinary incontinence. Bladder volume monitoring technologies can be divided into two distinct categories of invasive and non-invasive.