Neurological complications after COVID-19: A narrative review.

COVID-19 is primarily classified as a respiratory disorder; however, various neurological symptoms have been reported in COVID-19 patients. Neurological manifestations may be the initial signs of COVID-19 and can develop in patients of different age groups and with or without underlying disease. COVID-19 causes a broad range of complications in the central nervous system.

Dysregulation of miR-193a serves as a potential contributor to MS pathogenesis via affecting RhoA and Rock1.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common neurological diseases that cause chronic inflammation of the central nervous system and demyelination of the myelin sheath. At present, microRNAs (miRNAs) are considered not only a diagnostic and prognostic indicator of diseases but also a new goal in gene therapy. This study aims to find a simple, non-invasive, valuable biomarker for early detection and potential treatment of MS.

Astaxanthin ameliorates the impairment consequence of prenatal bacterial lipopolysaccharide exposure in adult male offspring NMRI mice.

In this study, the potential effects of astaxanthin (AST) were investigated on preventing the prenatal LPS-induced injures in mothers and adult male offspring of NMRI mice. Pregnant mice were randomly divided into four groups: 1. Saline + vehicle; 2.

Pycnogenol ameliorates motor function and gene expressions of NF-ƙB and Nrf2 in a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced experimental model of Parkinson's disease in male NMRI mice.

We investigated the effect of Pycnogenol as an antioxidant on improving motor function, depression, and the expression of NF-ƙB and Nrf2 genes in the experimental model of Parkinson's disease. Forty adult male NMRI mice weighing about 30 g were randomly divided into five groups of eight. Saline group: received 3 μl of saline, as 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) solvent, unilaterally in the left striatum, treatment groups: first received 3 µl 6-OHDA unilaterally inside the ipsilateral striatum and then divided into subgroup A: received distilled water, Pycnogenol solvent, by gavage for 7 days (lesion group), and subgroup B: received Pycnogenol at doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg by gavage for 7 days.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of KW-2449 on Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: An Experimental Study on Mice.

Background: The KW-2449 is a novel multikinase inhibitor that inhibits FLT3, ABL, ABL-T315I, and Aurora A. FLT3 and Aurora A kinases play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). KW-2449 could modulate immune cells, but the immunomodulatory effects of KW-2449 on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have not been investigated yet.

Clinical, Immunologic and Molecular Spectrum of Patients with Immunodeficiency, Centromeric Instability, and Facial Anomalies (ICF) Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

Background: Immunodeficiency, centromeric instability and facial dysmorphism (ICF) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive immune disorder presenting with hypogammaglobulinemia, developmental delay, and facial anomalies. The ICF type 1, type 2, type 3 and type 4 are characterized by mutations in DNMT3B, ZBTB24, CDCA7 or HELLS gene, respectively. This study aimed to present a comprehensive description of the clinical, immunologic and genetic features of patients with ICF syndrome.

Early diagnosis of cardiac involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus via global longitudinal strain (GLS) by speckle tracking echocardiography.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) myocarditis occurs in between 5% and 10% of patients with lupus. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) via speckle tracking echocardiography can detect cardiac involvement in patients suffering from SLE. We decided to determine the echocardiographic features and subsequent early diagnosis of cardiac involvement in patients with SLE utilizing the GLS index via speckle tracking echocardiography.

The Effects of D-aspartate on Neurosteroids, Neurosteroid Receptors, and Inflammatory Mediators in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

Objective: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used model for multiple sclerosis. The present study has been designed to compare the efficiencies of oral and intraperitoneal (IP) administration of D-aspartate (D-Asp) on the onset and severity of EAE, the production of neurosteroids, and the expression of neurosteroid receptors and inflammatory mediators in the brain of EAE mice.

Methods: In this study, EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice treated with D-Asp orally (D-Asp-Oral) or by IP injection (D-Asp-IP).

Subchronic metformin pretreatment enhances novel object recognition memory task in forebrain ischemia: behavioural, molecular, and electrophysiological studies.

Metformin exerts its effect via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is a key sensor for energy homeostasis that regulates different intracellular pathways. Metformin attenuates oxidative stress and cognitive impairment. In our experiment, rats were divided into 8 groups; some were pretreated with metformin (Met, 200 mg/kg) and (or) the AMPK inhibitor Compound C (CC) for 14 days.

Hydroxycitric acid ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress in mouse models of multiple sclerosis.

Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is derived primarily from the Garcinia plant and is widely used for its anti-inflammatory effects. Multiple sclerosis can cause an inflammatory demyelination and axonal damage. In this study, to validate the hypothesis that HCA exhibits therapeutic effects on multiple sclerosis, we established female C57BL/6 mouse models of multiple sclerosis, .

Probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum and bifidobacterium B94: cognitive function in demyelinated model.

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the immune system that creates damage of Learning and memory in that. Using probiotic supplements is recommended for preventing MS disease and improving memory. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and bifidobacterium B94 (BB94), on acquisition phase of spatial memory in the local demyelination of rats` hippocampus.

Focal Injection of Ethidium Bromide as a Simple Model to Study Cognitive Deficit and Its Improvement.

Introduction: Memory and cognitive impairments are some of devastating outcomes of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) plaques in hippocampus, the gray matter part of the brain. The present study aimed to evaluate the intrahippocampal injection of Ethidium Bromide (EB) as a simple and focal model to assess cognition and gray matter demyelination.

Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group, which received saline, as solvent of EB, into the hippocampus; and two experimental groups, which received 3 μL of EB into the hippocampus, and then, were evaluated 7 and 28 days after EB injection (n=10 in each group), using a 5-day protocol of Morris Water Maze (MWM) task as well as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) assay.

Nandrolone decanoate negatively reverses the beneficial effects of exercise on cardiac muscle via sarcolemmal, but not mitochondrial K(ATP) channel.

ATP-sensitive potassium channels are supposed to have a substantial role in improvement of cardiac performance. This study was performed to evaluate whether nandrolone decanoate (ND) and (or) exercise training could affect the expression of cardiac K(ATP) channel subunits. Thirty-five male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, including sedentary control (SC), sedentary vehicle (SV), sedentary ND (SND), exercise control (EC), and exercise and ND (E+ND).

Up regulation of Bax and down regulation of Bcl2 during 3-NC mediated apoptosis in human cancer cells.

Background: Recently, we have reported the induction of apoptosis by 2-amino-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-cyano-7-(dimethylamino)-4H-chromene (3-NC) in HepG2, T47D and HCT116 cells with low nano molar IC50 values. In this study, anti-proliferative effects of modified 4-aryle-4H-chromenes derivatives; 2-amino-4-(3-bromophenyl)-3-cyano-7-(dimethylamino)-4H-chromene (3-BC), 2-amino-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-cyano-7-(dimethylamino)-4H-chromene (3-TFC) and 2-amino-4-(4,5-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3-cyano-7-(dimethylamino)-4H-chromene (4, 5-MC) were investigated in three human cancer cell lines. Compared to 3-NC none of the compounds displayed better anti-proliferative effect, although 3-BC appeared somewhat similar.

Therapeutic effects of dasatinib in mouse model of multiple sclerosis.

Background: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model for multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE is mainly mediated by adaptive and innate immune responses that lead to an inflammatory demyelination and axonal damage. Dasatinib (Sprycel) is a selective protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor with immunomodulatory properties that abrogates multiple signal transduction pathways in immune cells.

Unilateral Hypothalamus Inactivation Prevents PTZ Kindling Development through Hippocampal Orexin Receptor 1 Modulation.

Introduction: Epilepsy is a neural disorder in which abnormal plastic changes during short and long term periods lead to increased excitability of brain tissue. Kindling is an animal model of epileptogenesis which results in changes of synaptic plasticity due to repetitive electrical or chemical sub-convulsive stimulations of the brain. Lateral hypothalamus, as the main niche of orexin neurons with extensive projections, is involved in sleep and wakefulness and so it affects the excitability of the brain.

Pre-treatment with metformin activates Nrf2 antioxidant pathways and inhibits inflammatory responses through induction of AMPK after transient global cerebral ischemia.

Global cerebral ischemia arises in patients who have a variety of clinical conditions including cardiac arrest, shock and asphyxia. In spite of advances in understanding of the brain ischemia and stroke etiology, therapeutic approaches to improve ischemic injury still remain limited. It has been established that metformin can attenuate cell death in cerebral ischemia.

Orexin A induced antinociception in the ventral tegmental area involves D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens.

Previous studies have shown that there are functional interactions among the lateral hypothalamus (LH), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc), implicating pain modulation in the central nervous system. It has been shown that the LH-VTA orexinergic projecting neurons play an important role in mediating the suppression of nociception in animal models. However, little is known about the function of intra-VTA orexin receptors and involvement of D1/D2 receptors within the NAc in this antinociception.

Effect of aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice.

Objective: Achillea millefolium (A. millefolium) is widely used as an anti-inflammatory remedy in traditional and herbal medicine. In this study, we investigated the effect of an aqueous extract from A.

No horizontal numerical mapping in a culture with mixed-reading habits.

Reading habits are thought to play an important role in the emergence of cultural differences in visuo-spatial and numerical tasks. Left-to-right readers show a slight visuo-spatial bias to the left side of space, and automatically associate small numbers to the left and larger numbers to the right side of space, respectively. A paradigm that demonstrated an automatic spatial-numerical association involved the generation of random numbers while participants performed lateral head turns.

Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase by metformin protects against global cerebral ischemia in male rats: interference of AMPK/PGC-1α pathway.

Here, we have investigated the effect of metformin pretreatment in the rat models of global cerebral ischemia. Cerebral ischemia which leads to brain dysfunction is one of the main causes of neurodegeneration and death worldwide. Metformin is used in clinical drug therapy protocols of diabetes.

Characterization of some potentially probiotic Lactobacillus strains isolated from Iranian native chickens.

The objective of the present study was to isolate, identify and characterize new LAB strains with high probiotic potentials from Iranian (Isfahan) indigenous chickens. From 90 isolated LABs, 11 isolates had high growth rate under different stress conditions, including acid (pH 2.5), bile (0.

Field potential recording from rat hippocampus provides a functional evaluation method for assessing demyelination and myelin repair.

Objectives: In multiple sclerosis (MS) demyelination occurs in both white and gray matter. Here we introduce an electrophysiological approach for studying functional demyelination and myelin repair in rat hippocampus, a gray matter structure, which is frequently affected in patients suffering from MS.

Methods: Using a stereotaxic approach, bipolar stimulating and monopolar recording electrodes were respectively implanted into the perforant path and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of the adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 280-320 g.

Dibutyryl cyclic AMP inhibits the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and potentiates recruitment of endogenous neural stem cells.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Cyclic AMP and its analogs enhance regeneration of adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) play a pivotal role in CNS regeneration, producing new neuron and glial cells.

Vitamins E and D3 attenuate demyelination and potentiate remyelination processes of hippocampal formation of rats following local injection of ethidium bromide.

Cognitive deficits have been observed in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) due to hippocampal insults. Antioxidant vitamins D and E are suggested for patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases like MS, while their mechanisms of action are not well understood. Here, we have tried to study the effects of these vitamins on demyelination, cell death, and remyelination of rat hippocampus following local ethidium bromide (EB) injection.