Undiagnosed hypertension and diabetes mellitus in the Tabari cohort: a population-based study.

Background: Undiagnosed hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are major public health challenges worldwide. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of undiagnosed HTN and DM, and their correlates, in a large-scale population-based cohort study.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data collected during the enrollment phase of the Tabari Cohort study (TCS) were utilized.

The role of lateral habenula NMDA receptors in tramadol-induced conditioning.

The role of the lateral habenula (LHb) as a hub for receiving and relaying signals from the limbic system to serotonergic, dopaminergic, and norepinephrinergic regions in the brainstem makes this area a critical region in the control of reward and addiction. Behavioral evidence reveals the vital role of the LHb in negative symptoms during withdrawal. In this investigation, we study the role of the LHb N-Methyl D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in the modulation of tramadol reward.

Assessment of Protective Effects of Carvacrol on Haloperidol-Induced Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes.

Haloperidol is a first-generation antipsychotic drug that has several indications in a wide range of mental conditions. The extensive prescription of haloperidol is correlated with some less-known adverse effects such as genotoxicity. Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid mainly found in oregano and thyme.

CYP11B1 variants influence skeletal maturation via alternative splicing.

We performed genome-wide association study meta-analysis to identify genetic determinants of skeletal age (SA) deviating in multiple growth disorders. The joint meta-analysis (N = 4557) in two multiethnic cohorts of school-aged children identified one locus, CYP11B1 (expression confined to the adrenal gland), robustly associated with SA (rs6471570-A; β = 0.14; P = 6.

Comparison and interaction of morphine and CB1 agonist conditioned place preference in the rat model of early life stress.

Early life stress (ELS) disrupts brain development and subsequently affects physical and psychological health. ELS has been associated with an increased risk of relapse and inadequate treatment response in addicted patients. The current study was designed to find the effect of ELS on the rewarding effect of morphine and cannabinoid and their interaction.

Evaluation of the relationship between the gene expression level of orexin-1 receptor in the rat blood and prefrontal cortex, novelty-seeking, and proneness to methamphetamine dependence: A candidate biomarker.

Background: previous studies have suggested that methamphetamine (METH) abuse may affect orexin regulation. However, the data regarding the relationship between the current level of orexin and the vulnerability to METH abuse are minimal. Here, we have investigated the correlation between the gene expression level of the orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) in the rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) and blood lymphocytes and susceptibility to METH dependence and its impact on novelty-seeking behavior.

Effect of morphine exposure on novel object memory of the offspring: The role of histone H3 and ΔFosB.

It has been demonstrated that alteration in histone acetylation in the regions of the brain involved in the reward which may have an important role in morphine addiction. It is well established that epigenetic changes prior to birth influence the function and development of the brain. The current study was designed to evaluate changes in novel object memory, histone acetylation and ΔFosB in the brain of the offspring of morphine-withdrawn parents.

Benefit effect of REM-sleep deprivation on memory impairment induced by intensive exercise in male wistar rats: with respect to hippocampal BDNF and TrkB.

Background: Many factors affect our learning and memory quality, but according to different studies, having a positive or negative impact pertains to their characteristics like intensity or the amount.

Purpose: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of 24-hour REM-sleep deprivation on continuous-high intensity forced exercise-induced memory impairment and its effect on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) levels in the hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex area (PFC).

Material And Methods: Animals were conditioned to run on treadmills for 5 weeks then, were deprived of sleep for 24 h using the modified multiple platforms.

Tramadol induces changes in Δ-FosB, µ-opioid receptor, and p-CREB level in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex of male Wistar rat.

Background: Besides the analgesic effect of tramadol, prolonged exposure to tramadol can induce adaptive changes thereby leading to dependence and tolerance. Tramadol induces its effect via µ-opioid receptor (MOR). However, tramadol has other targets such as serotonin and epinephrine transporters.

Effect of socio-economic status, family smoking and mental health through social network on the substance use potential in adolescents: a mediation analysis.

Objectives: Understanding pathways that influence substance use potential (SUP) can help with effective substance use prevention interventions among adolescents. The aim of the present study is to contribute to a better understanding of the SUP of adolescents by examining the mediating role of social network quality in the SUP of Iranian adolescents.

Study Design: A cross-sectional study.

Sibling cigarette smoking and peer network influences on substance use potential among adolescent: a population based study.

Background Peer and parental substance use are established predictors for substance use among adolescent, little is known about influence of sibling cigarette smoking and its interaction with peer network on substance use potential that can introduce an important way for substance use prevention programs. Objective The aim of present study was to explore the association of sibling cigarette smoking and peer network with substance use potential among high school students in Tehran. Subjects Data were drawn from the population-based cross-sectional study of among 650 high schools students.

Disinfection effect of microwave radiation on Bacillus subtilis as indicator organism on contaminated dental stone casts under dry and wet conditions.

The disinfection of dental stone casts using microwave radiation has been shown, but doubts remain regarding its efficacy under various conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of microwave disinfection on wet and dry dental stone casts contaminated by a resistant microorganism. In this in vitro study, 34 stone half-casts were prepared, contaminated with and divided into two groups.

Relative Skeletal Maturation and Population Ancestry in Nonobese Children and Adolescents.

More rapid skeletal maturation in African-American (AA) children is recognized and generally attributed to an increased prevalence of obesity. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of population ancestry on relative skeletal maturation in healthy, non-obese children and adolescents, accounting for body composition and sexual maturation. To do this, we leveraged a multiethnic, mixed-longitudinal study with annual assessments for up to 7 years (The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study and its ancillary cohort) conducted at five US clinical centers.

Failed Intussusception Reduction in Children: Correlation Between Radiologic, Surgical, and Pathologic Findings.

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify causes of irreducible intussusception after contrast enema and to correlate imaging findings with surgical and histopathologic findings.

Materials And Methods: Between 2005 and 2013, a total of 543 children underwent reduction of intussusception with the use of an enema technique (hereafter referred to as "enema reduction"). The medical records of 72 children (56 boys [mean age, 24.

Effect of Low-Magnitude Mechanical Stimuli on Bone Density and Structure in Pediatric Crohn's Disease: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Pediatric Crohn's Disease (CD) is associated with low trabecular bone mineral density (BMD), cortical area, and muscle mass. Low-magnitude mechanical stimulation (LMMS) may be anabolic. We conducted a 12-month randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of 10 minutes daily exposure to LMMS (30 Hz frequency, 0.

Extra-appendiceal findings in pediatric abdominal CT for suspected appendicitis.

Background: Much has been written regarding the incidence, types, importance and management of abdominal CT incidental findings in adults, but there is a paucity of literature on incidental findings in children.

Objective: We sought to determine the prevalence and characteristics of extra-appendiceal and incidental findings in pediatric abdominal CT performed for suspected appendicitis.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective review was performed of abdominal CT for suspected appendicitis in a pediatric emergency department from July 2010 to June 2012.

Low-dose fetal CT in the prenatal evaluation of skeletal dysplasias and other severe skeletal abnormalities.

Objective: Prenatal diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia is often difficult and based on findings with ultrasound, a technique with 40-60% sensitivity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a preliminary experience in assessing severe prenatal osseous abnormalities with low-dose fetal CT. The hypothesis was that use of CT may improve the prenatal diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia beyond the available capabilities of ultrasound.

Revised reference curves for bone mineral content and areal bone mineral density according to age and sex for black and non-black children: results of the bone mineral density in childhood study.

Context: Deficits in bone acquisition during growth may increase fracture risk. Assessment of bone health during childhood requires appropriate reference values relative to age, sex, and population ancestry to identify bone deficits.

Objective: The objective of this study was to provide revised and extended reference curves for bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in children.

Fitting of bone mineral density with consideration of anthropometric parameters.

Unlabelled: A new model describing normal values of bone mineral density in children has been evaluated, which includes not only the traditional parameters of age, gender, and race, but also weight, height, percent body fat, and sexual maturity. This model may constitute a better comparative norm for a specific child with given anthropometric values.

Introduction: Previous descriptions of children's bone mineral density (BMD) by age have focused on segmenting diverse populations by race and gender without adjusting for anthropometric variables or have included the effects of anthropometric variables over a relatively homogeneous population.

Normal appendiceal diameter in children: does choice of CT oral contrast (VoLumen versus Gastrografin) make a difference?

Appendicitis is a common pediatric emergency and one of the most common causes for surgical exploration in the pediatric patient. Imaging has become an essential tool in the evaluation of the child with suspected appendicitis, aiming to avoid misdiagnosis and to facilitate early surgery, thus decreasing potential morbidity from ruptured appendicitis. The objective of this paper is to compare the luminal diameter of the normal appendix by computed tomography (CT) when utilizing the traditionally used high-attenuation oral contrast material (OCM), Gastrografin, and the relatively new neutral agent VoLumen, with the goal of establishing normal appendiceal size parameters for this neutral OCM.

Height adjustment in assessing dual energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements of bone mass and density in children.

Context: In children, bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are affected by height status. No consensus exists on how to adjust BMC or BMD (BMC/BMD) measurements for short or tall stature.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare various methods to adjust BMC/BMD for height in healthy children.

The bone mineral density in childhood study: bone mineral content and density according to age, sex, and race.

Context: Low bone mass may increase risk of fracture. Several chronic medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle factors affect bone mineral accrual. Appropriate reference values are essential for identification of children with bone deficits.

Fetal pulmonary malformations: defining histopathology.

Although classification schemes have sought to categorize congenital cystic lung malformations, studies including the pathology of pulmonary malformations occurring specifically during the fetal period are limited. To better characterize such histopathology, we reviewed a total of 23 fetal lung malformations seen at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia from 1996 to 2004. Twenty-one of the 23 fetal pulmonary malformations could be categorized into 1 of 3 groups based upon the predominant histologic features present within each lesion.

Effective radiation dose from radiologic studies in pediatric trauma patients.

Evaluation of the pediatric trauma patient frequently requires radiologic studies. Although low-dose radiation from diagnostic radiology is considered safe, lifetime risks per unit dose of radiation are increased in children compared to adults. The total effective dose of radiation to a typical pediatric trauma patient is unknown.

Effect of lateral positioning on upper airway size and morphology in sedated children.

Background: Lateral positioning decreases upper airway obstruction in paralyzed, anesthetized adults and in individuals with sleep apnea during sleep. The authors hypothesized that lateral positioning increases upper airway cross-sectional area and total upper airway volume when compared with the supine position in sedated, spontaneously breathing children.

Methods: Children aged 2-12 yr requiring magnetic resonance imaging examination of the head or neck region using deep sedation with propofol were studied.