Low Vitamin B12 Levels: An Underestimated Cause Of Minimal Cognitive Impairment And Dementia.

Background Vitamin B12 deficiency is linked to impaired cognition and memory along with a sensation of tingling and numbness, an outcome of poor myelination. Elevated methylmalonic acid and serum homocysteine levels are markers of Vitamin B12 deficiency. Elevated homocysteine levels are also often associated with Alzheimer's disease and stroke.

Knowledge and practices of primary care physicians on the current referral system of diabetic retinopathy in Islamabad and Rawal-Pindi, Pakistan.

Aim: To assess the current knowledge and practices in diabetic eye care and referral system regarding diabetic retinopathy (DR) in health centers of Islamabad and Rawal-Pindi.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 4 government and private health centers in Rawalpindi-Islamabad from May 2018 to Oct. 2018.