Social Representation of "Loud Music" in Young Adults: A Cross-Cultural Study.

Background: Exposure to recreational noise, particularly music exposure, is considered one of the biggest public health hazards of our time. Some important influencing factors such as socioeconomic status, educational background, and cross-cultural perspectives have previously been found to be associated with attitudes toward loud music and the use of hearing protection. Although culture seems to play an important role, there is relatively little known about how it influences perceptions regarding loud music exposure in young adults.

Social representation of "music" in young adults: a cross-cultural study.

Objective: This study was aimed to explore perceptions of and reactions to music in young adults (18-25 years) using the theory of social representations (TSR).

Design: The study used a cross-sectional survey design and included participants from India, Iran, Portugal, USA and UK. Data were analysed using various qualitative and quantitative methods.

Upper extremity injuries in restrained front-seat occupants after motor vehicle crashes.

Background: Prior studies identified that crash severity (delta V), occupant position, and restraint systems as reliable predictors of crash injuries to lower extremity, but very little have been written on the subject of upper extremity.

Method: This is a retrospective analysis of Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network database in a Level I trauma center focusing on severe upper extremity injuries. The aim was to investigate the relationship between types of the "crash" and "occupant" factors on the pattern and severity of upper extremity injuries after a frontal collision.

Reliability and reproducibility of classification systems for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: a systematic review of the literature.

Several classification systems are in use for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Three of them: Catterall, Salter Thompson and Herring (Lateral Pillar) are most commonly used. There has been debate on which is most reliable.

The reliability and reproducibility of the Neer classification system--digital radiography (PACS) improves agreement.

Introduction: We investigated if the introduction of digital radiography, with its software permitting enhancement of plain radiographs, improved inter- and intra-observer agreement in the Neer classification.

Methods: Five observers participated in classifying 50 randomly selected radiographs with a confirmed proximal humeral fracture. The observers included a junior registrar, an upper-limb fellow, a lower-limb orthopaedic consultant and two orthopaedic shoulder consultants.

Cup anteversion in hip resurfacing: validation of EBRA and the presentation of a simple clinical grading system.

The use of large metal on metal bearings has led to a reduction in the risk of dislocation post hip arthroplasty. Because of this, and also because of the technical difficulties associated with resurfacing surgery in particular, it could be argued that a less meticulous approach to acetabular cup placement has developed in comparison with conventional metal on polyethylene arthroplasty. Resurfacing cups may produce significant clinical problems when placed at the extremes of version, including increased production of metal debris and psoas tendonitis.

Patellar resurfacing versus no resurfacing in Scorpio total knee arthroplasty.

This retrospective study compared the results of patellar resurfacing versus no resurfacing in 121 patients (142 knees) who underwent Scorpio total knee arthroplasty (TKA) between January 2002 and September 2004. Mean follow-up was 33 months in the nonresurfaced group and 18 months in the resurfaced group. The 2 groups were similar in age and gender.

Open reduction and internal fixation versus hybrid fixation for bicondylar/severe tibial plateau fractures: a systematic review of the literature.

Introduction: Bicondylar/Schatzker 6 type tibial plateau fractures are a significant challenge to the trauma and orthopaedic surgeon. These injuries tend to be complex, high energy and are activated with significant morbidity. Two surgical methods are commonly in use: (1) hybrid external fixation or (2) internal fixation.

Report of GBM metastasis to the parotid gland.

Glioblastoma Multiforme frequently metastasises from their original location by for example infiltration along white matter tracts [1]. GBM metastasis outside the central nervous system is distinctly rare though there are previous reports of spread to various organs [2-5]. We add an unusual case of a patient with aggressive cerebral GBM metastasis to the parotid gland and the lungs.