Prospective evaluation of novel biomarkers of acute kidney injury in dogs following cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass.

Objective: To assess the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and explore associations between traditional and novel serum and urinary biomarkers.

Design: Prospective cohort study conducted between July 2018 and April 2019.

Setting: University teaching hospital.

Evaluation of Renal Biomarkers, Including Symmetric Dimethylarginine, following Gentamicin-Induced Proximal Tubular Injury in the Rat.

Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is an excretory renal function biomarker shown to correlate well with glomerular filtration rate in dogs, cats, humans, and rats. The objectives of this study were to determine utility of serum SDMA as a renal biomarker in a rat model of gentamicin-induced renal injury and to provide validation of a commercially available SDMA immunoassay for rat serum. Rats were randomly assigned to one of three dose levels of gentamicin (20, 50, or 100 mg/kg) or a vehicle control group and dosed once daily by subcutaneous injection for either four or ten days.

Symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine concentrations in serum of healthy draft horses.

Background: Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is considered a more sensitive indirect estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) than creatinine (Cr). Symmetric dimethylarginine is not affected by sex or muscle mass in small animals.

Objectives: To validate a commercial SDMA immunoassay (IA) for equine serum; to compare SDMA and Cr in cohorts of draft horse breeds; and to assess effects of age, sex, and breed.

Biologic variation of symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine in clinically healthy cats.

Background: Biologic variation of biochemical analytes, both within individuals and between individuals, determines whether population-based reference intervals (RIs) are appropriate when interpreting if a particular change is clinically relevant for a specific individual.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the biologic variation of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) in clinically healthy cats.

Methods: A prospective, observational study was performed in which 10 clinically healthy, client-owned cats were sampled for serum biochemical analyses once weekly for 6 weeks.

Influence of Dietary Ingredients on Lean Body Percent, Uremic Toxin Concentrations, and Kidney Function in Senior-Adult Cats.

The goal of this study was to determine if modification of currently available maintenance foods with alternative ingredients, botanicals (fruit and vegetables), and increased amounts of functional lipids (fish oil) would delay the age-associated decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and lean body mass (LBM) in senior-adult cats. Forty-four healthy cats (mean age, 12.2 years; range 10.

RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION OF SERUM SYMMETRIC DIMETHYLARGININE (SDMA) CONCENTRATIONS IN CHEETAHS ( ACINONYX JUBATUS).

Kidney disease is common among captive cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus). Serum creatinine is the most common measurement to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) because of the ease of its clinical use, but it is a crude estimate that only increases after significant disease is already present and is affected by extrarenal factors. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a renal biomarker in humans, dogs, and cats that correlates with serum creatinine and GFR and appears to be an earlier and more specific biomarker for kidney disease.

Serum concentrations of symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine in cats with kidney stones.

Serum concentrations of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) correlate with renal function in cats and SDMA has been shown to be a more reliable and earlier marker for chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared with serum creatinine (Cr). Calcium oxalate uroliths tend to develop in mid-to-older aged cats and kidney stones may cause a reduction in renal function with increased SDMA, but normal serum Cr. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine if cats with kidney stones had increased serum SDMA concentrations, and whether SDMA increased earlier than serum creatinine concentrations.

Kidney Disease and the Nexus of Chronic Kidney Disease and Acute Kidney Injury: The Role of Novel Biomarkers as Early and Accurate Diagnostics.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) are interconnected and the presence of one is a risk for the other. CKD is an important predictor of AKI after exposure to nephrotoxic drugs or major surgery, whereas persistent or repetitive injury could result in the progression of CKD. This brings new perspectives to the diagnosis and monitoring of kidney diseases highlighting the need for a panel of kidney-specific biomarkers that reflect functional as well as structural damage and recovery, predict potential risk and provide prognosis.

Positive Impact of Nutritional Interventions on Serum Symmetric Dimethylarginine and Creatinine Concentrations in Client-Owned Geriatric Dogs.

A prospective study was conducted in client-owned geriatric dogs to evaluate the short-term effects of a test food on serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and creatinine (Cr) concentrations. Test food contained functional lipids (fish oil), antioxidants (lipoic acid, vitamins C and E), L-carnitine, botanicals (fruits and vegetables), controlled sodium concentration, and high quality protein sources (high bioavailability and an ideal amino acid composition). Dogs (n = 210) were fed either test food or owner's-choice foods (non-nutritionally controlled cohort).

Positive Impact of Nutritional Interventions on Serum Symmetric Dimethylarginine and Creatinine Concentrations in Client-Owned Geriatric Cats.

A prospective study was conducted in client-owned geriatric cats to evaluate the short- term effects of a test food on serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and creatinine (Cr) concentrations. Test food contained functional lipids (fish oil), antioxidants (vitamins C and E), L-carnitine, botanicals (vegetables), highly bioavailable protein, and amino acid supplements. Cats (n = 80) were fed either test food or owner's-choice foods (non-nutritionally controlled cohort).

Relationship between lean body mass and serum renal biomarkers in healthy dogs.

Background: Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is an accurate and precise biomarker for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in humans and cats. Serum creatinine (sCr) also correlates with GFR, but has limitations as a biomarker of renal function because nonrenal factors can influence its concentration.

Hypothesis: Differences in lean body mass (LBM) influence sCr, but not serum SDMA concentrations.