Cleavage of viral DNA by restriction endonucleases stimulates the type II CRISPR-Cas immune response.

Prokaryotic organisms have developed multiple defense systems against phages; however, little is known about whether and how these interact with each other. Here, we studied the connection between two of the most prominent prokaryotic immune systems: restriction-modification and CRISPR. While both systems employ enzymes that cleave a specific DNA sequence of the invader, CRISPR nucleases are programmed with phage-derived spacer sequences, which are integrated into the CRISPR locus upon infection.

Prophage integration into CRISPR loci enables evasion of antiviral immunity in Streptococcus pyogenes.

CRISPR loci are composed of short DNA repeats separated by sequences, known as spacers, that match the genomes of invaders such as phages and plasmids. Spacers are transcribed and processed to generate RNA guides used by CRISPR-associated nucleases to recognize and destroy the complementary nucleic acids of invaders. To counteract this defence, phages can produce small proteins that inhibit these nucleases, termed anti-CRISPRs (Acrs).

RecT Recombinase Expression Enables Efficient Gene Editing in spp.

Enterococcus faecium is a ubiquitous Gram-positive bacterium that has been recovered from the environment, food, and microbiota of mammals. Commensal strains of E. faecium can confer beneficial effects on host physiology and immunity, but antibiotic usage has afforded antibiotic-resistant and pathogenic isolates from livestock and humans.

From the discovery of DNA to current tools for DNA editing.

In 1944, the Journal of Experimental Medicine published the groundbreaking discovery that DNA is the molecule holding genetic information (1944. J. Exp.

A CRISPR-Cas9-integrase complex generates precise DNA fragments for genome integration.

CRISPR-Cas9 is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease involved in bacterial adaptive immunity and widely repurposed for genome editing in human cells, animals and plants. In bacteria, RNA molecules that guide Cas9's activity derive from foreign DNA fragments that are captured and integrated into the host CRISPR genomic locus by the Cas1-Cas2 CRISPR integrase. How cells generate the specific lengths of DNA required for integrase capture is a central unanswered question of type II-A CRISPR-based adaptive immunity.

The Card1 nuclease provides defence during type III CRISPR immunity.

In the type III CRISPR-Cas immune response of prokaryotes, infection triggers the production of cyclic oligoadenylates that bind and activate proteins that contain a CARF domain. Many type III loci are associated with proteins in which the CRISPR-associated Rossman fold (CARF) domain is fused to a restriction  endonuclease-like domain. However, with the exception of the well-characterized Csm6 and Csx1 ribonucleases, whether and how these inducible effectors provide defence is not known.

LIM Protein Ajuba associates with the RPA complex through direct cell cycle-dependent interaction with the RPA70 subunit.

DNA damage response pathways are essential for genome stability and cell survival. Specifically, the ATR kinase is activated by DNA replication stress. An early event in this activation is the recruitment and phosphorylation of RPA, a single stranded DNA binding complex composed of three subunits, RPA70, RPA32 and RPA14.

Death certificate coding practices related to diabetes in European countries--the 'EURODIAB Subarea C' Study.

The objective of this study was to compare and analyse coding practices for diabetes mortality data in nine European countries (Belgium, Republic of Ireland, France, Germany, Malta, The Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Switzerland). In each country, a sample of 200 coded death certificates, which mentioned diabetes, was randomly sampled. All death certificates were recoded at the WHO Collaborating Centre for the Classification of Diseases in the French language.

[The role of a cultural factor in the educational practices of mothers of young children].

Through 3 groups of mothers, defined as belonging to 3 different geographical areas which are considered to represent cultural heritage, a series of educational practices towards infant under one year of age was studied. Among factors acting on practices which further the infants' contacts with others and exploration of environment, the usual sociodemographic characteristics play a part which is not greater than the one of the personal mother's dynamic and mostly of the cultural context (geographical area), which occurs as the first variable in a stepwise regression. When the child is 3 years old, durability of the maternal behavior is brought to the fore.

[AIDS mortality in France].

A study about mortality by AIDS had been undertaken since July 1st 1983, in the Service of Information on Medical causes of Death (INSERM SC8), which is in charge of developing mortality statistics in France. From July 1st 1983 to September 30th 1985, 243 deaths due to AIDS were recorded. Only the cases where this diagnosis was clearly mentioned were selected; more than 90% were notified by hospitals and mainly by highly specialized services.

[Breast feeding. Nature of the choice].

The choice of breast feeding was studied in a sample of 1,954 mothers of urban and rural areas investigated in 1978 during the first year of life of their child. Women who chose breast feeding were more often urban, highly educated, mothers of one child, well medically supervised and happy during pregnancy. They were more concerned by the way their child fed and about his general status.

[Factors determining health practices: prenatal care in rural and urban environment].

A 1978 study of prenatal care patterns in one area of France showed that frequent visits to specialists was the dominant pattern in urban areas, whatever the socioeconomic characteristics, or conditions of health, of the women. In rural areas, however, the patterns adopted varied markedly according to health problems encountered during pregnancy. In the absence of illness, 64% of rural women went to their general practitioner for a reduced number of prenatal visits; when health problems were perceived, however, their practices became more similar to those of city women.

[Contraception and the use of care systems].

A study has been made of the frequency of the use of contraceptive methods and the methods used (oral contraception, intra-uterine device and other methods). This was carried out on 2000 women aged between 20 and 44 who had not been sterilised, were not pregnant, who lived in towns and in the country. The following variables were studied: the age, the socio-professional class, the zone in which they lived, the way antenatal care had been carried out (the number of antenatal visits and preparation for labour), the number of times they had seen a gynaecologist during the pregnancy, how the baby had been looked after in its first year of life and how often it had seen a paediatrician.

[Accidents in children. Epidemiologic studies of a rural and an urban area].

This study concerns all types of accidents which occurred within 1 year in children less than 15 years of age in 2 limited geographic areas: one urban, the other rural. 937 accidents have been registered. The accidental morbidity rate is 90 per 1,000 and the mortality rate 0.

[Validity of mortality data in respiratory diseases in France and 7 other countries of the E.E.C].

A recent study of mortality due to respiratory disease, carried out in the eight member countries of the European Economic Community (E.E.C.

[Influence of the educational course on the future of young persons thought to be mentally deficient].

A survey of mental deficiency among children was carried out in 1967 in the department of Haute-Vienne by the Centre International de l'Enfance and the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale. A representative sample of the children was examined, with data recorded under paediatric, social, and psychological (including an intelligence quotient test, the "WISC") criteria. This study was resumed in 1974 and 1978 in order to determine how the children--by then, between 20 and 26 years of age--had fared.

Health and employment of a female population in an urban area.

The authors discuss the results of a survey of women aged 25 to 50 living in a university town in southern France (Montpellier). Morbidity of these women (reported health problems, consultation with health care professionals etc) was analysed as a function of whether or not they were employed out of the home. Overall, differences were minimal; after correction for demographic factors, the only significant difference was more frequent reports of fatigue, overwork or nervousness in the employed women.

[Digestive diseases morbidity and need for medical care requirements. Prevalence study of declared symptoms and demand for medical care in a French "department" (author's transl)].

A survey on digestive morbidity and demand for medical care in a pilot area concerned 3504 persons, eighteen years old and over; 69.3 p. 100 of them reported that they had been affected by one or several digestive symptoms during the previous year.