The impact of the traditional male role norms on the posttraumatic stress disorder among Polish male firefighters.

Background: The aim of this study was to explore potential associations between compliance with the traditional male role norms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms.

Methods: The study was conducted on 135 male Polish firefighters. The study used the Impact Event Scale-Revised, the Relations/Social Support Scale and the Male Role Norms Scale.

Teachers' mental health during the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland.

Background: Teaching work is stressful, moreover during the pandemic teachers' stress might have been intensified by distance education as well as by limited access to social support, which functions as a buffer in experiencing stress. The aim of the research was to investigate the relation between distance education and teachers' well-being, and their close relations and other social relations during the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: The research was conducted in two stages on 285 Polish primary and secondary school teachers who were recruited by means of the chain referral method.