Hypertension in patients with acute kidney injury.

Objective: Introduction: Hypertension is an overwhelming finding in chronic kidney disease (CKD), but data on hypertension prevalence in acute kidney injury (AKI) are scarce. The aim: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of hypertension in patients with AKI regarding its cause: prerenal, renal, or postrenal..

[Iron supplementation in chronic kidney disease].

Treatment with iron preparations remains one of the main directions in the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Intravenous agents, although effective, may have serious adverse effects, while oral iron supplementation may be ineffective due to malabsorption and gastrointestinal side effects. The solution may be modern drugs such as ferric pyrophosphate added to dialysis fluid or liposomal iron without gastrointestinal adverse effects.

[New oral hypoglycemic drugs in diabetic kidney disease].

New antidiabetic drugs let optimize the treatment of diabetes. In clinical practice the use of glitazone, incretin drugs (including GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors) or glucose-2-cotransporter (SGLT-2) inhibitors is increased. The potential use of these drugs in patients with renal insufficiency is limited both to impaired renal function (and the associated risk of drug or metabolite accumulation in the body), and due to limited clinical data assessing the safety of their use in this group of patients.

[IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura)].

IgA vasculitis (Schönlein-Henoch purpura) is a systemic inflammation of the small vessels associated with the deposition of IgA antibodies in the vascular wall. Typical clinical symptoms are: skin lesions (purpura), joint pain, abdominal discomfort and renal disorder (most common haematuria/proteinuria). The disease affects usually the pediatric population; in those patients its course is benign and usually not associated with permanent complications.

[IgA nephropathy - prognostic factors and treatment].

IgA nephropathy is the most common cause of primary glomerolunephritis. Patients who have isolated hematuria, little or no proteinuria (<0,5 g/d) and present with normal renal function usually have a low risk of progression. In patients with greater proteinuria and/or an elevation in the serum creatinine concentration, different rate of progression to end-stage renal disease has been observed.

[Renal dysfunction in liver disease].

In patients with liver disease various acute and chronic kidney disorders may occur, the most severe being a hepatorenal syndrome. It is usually found in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and the only effective treatment is liver transplantation. The other common causes of renal dysfunction are: prerenal (dehydration, hypovolemia) and renal (ischemia or nephrotoxicity) acute kidney injury.

[Nephrological problems in pneumonology - pulmonary renal syndrome].

Pulmonary-renal syndrome is rare disease. The term describes acute syndrome is ANCA associated vasculitis. The patients need aggressive therapy (induction and maintenance phase), in some cases accompanied by plasmapheresis.

[Hypercalcemia].

Hypercalcemia defined as serum calcium >2.62 mmol/l (10.5 mg/dl) is a relatively common clinical problem.

[Hypocalcemia].

Hypocalcemia is often clinical problem. The levels of total serum calcium below 2.15 mmol/L (<8.

[Current guidelines for treatment of dyslipidemia in kidney diseases].

Dyslipidemia is a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases and progression of chronic renal failure. Hypertriglyceridemia is the most common lipid abnormality among patients with chronic kidney disease, cholesterol levels may be high, normal or low. High triglycerides and cholesterol are observed in nephrotic syndrome, whereas cholesterol levels may be low in inflammation and malnutrition.

[Anemia in chronic kidney disease--reasons and treatment].

Anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) may affect up to 90% of the patients. It is one of the non typical risk factors of cardiovascular disease, specific for this population. The main reasons of the anemia in CKD are iron and erythropoietin deficiency.

Demographic correlates of sexual size dimorphism and male genital size in the lice Philopterus coarctatus.

Sexual selection is an influential agent of evolution, often shaping the sex ratio, sexual size dimorphism (SSD), and genital size in animals. To explore its effects in ectoparasites, we quantified SSD and male genital size in relation to intensity and sex ratio across subpopulations of Philopterus coarctatus, a philopterid louse of the great grey shrike. SSD was calculated separately for the width and length of the head and abdomen.