Correction: Type 2 Diabetes Risk Allele Loci in the Qatari Population.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Type 2 Diabetes Risk Allele Loci in the Qatari Population.

Background: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing in the Middle East. However, the genetic risk factors for T2D in the Middle Eastern populations are not known, as the majority of studies of genetic risk for T2D are in Europeans and Asians.

Methods: All subjects were ≥3 generation Qataris.

Ilyanassa Notch signaling implicated in dynamic signaling between all three germ layers.

Two cells (3D and 4d) in the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta function to induce proper cell fate. In this study, we provide support for the hypothesis that Notch signaling in Ilyanassa obsoleta functions in inductive signaling at multiple developmental stages. The expression patterns of Notch, Delta and Suppressor of Hairless (SuH) are consistent with a function for Notch signaling in endoderm formation, the function of 3D/4d and the sublineages of 4d.

Exome sequencing identifies potential risk variants for Mendelian disorders at high prevalence in Qatar.

Exome sequencing of families of related individuals has been highly successful in identifying genetic polymorphisms responsible for Mendelian disorders. Here, we demonstrate the value of the reverse approach, where we use exome sequencing of a sample of unrelated individuals to analyze allele frequencies of known causal mutations for Mendelian diseases. We sequenced the exomes of 100 individuals representing the three major genetic subgroups of the Qatari population (Q1 Bedouin, Q2 Persian-South Asian, Q3 African) and identified 37 variants in 33 genes with effects on 36 clinically significant Mendelian diseases.

Analysis of ciliary band formation in the mollusc Ilyanassa obsoleta.

Two primary ciliary bands, the prototroch and metatroch, are required for locomotion and in the feeding larvae of many spiralians. The metatroch has been reported to have different cellular origins in the molluscs Crepidula fornicata and Ilyanassa obsoleta, as well as in the annelid Polygordius lacteus, consistent with multiple independent origins of the spiralian metatroch. Here, we describe in further detail the cell lineage of the ciliary bands in the gastropod mollusc I.

Isolating protein from Ilyanassa snail embryos.

The marine gastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta is a long-standing and very useful model for studies of embryonic development. It is an especially important model for spiralian development, and for studies of asymmetric cell division. The embryos are amenable to classic embryological manipulation techniques as well as a growing number of molecular approaches.

Isolation of genomic DNA from Ilyanassa snail larvae.

The marine gastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta is a long-standing and very useful model for studies of embryonic development. It is an especially important model for spiralian development, and for studies of asymmetric cell division. The embryos are amenable to classic embryological manipulation techniques as well as a growing number of molecular approaches.

Fixation of Ilyanassa snail embryos and larvae.

The marine gastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta is a long-standing and very useful model for studies of embryonic development. It is an especially important model for spiralian development, and for studies of asymmetric cell division. The embryos are amenable to classic embryological manipulation techniques, as well as a growing number of molecular approaches.

Pressure injection of Ilyanassa snail embryos.

The marine gastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta is a long-standing and very useful model for studies of embryonic development. It is an especially important model for spiralian development, and for studies of asymmetric cell division. The embryos are amenable to classic embryological manipulation techniques, as well as a growing number of molecular approaches.

Induction of larval metamorphosis in the snail Ilyanassa.

The marine gastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta is a long-standing and very useful model for studies of embryonic development. It is an especially important model for spiralian development, and for studies of asymmetric cell division. The embryos are amenable to classic embryological manipulation techniques as well as a growing number of molecular approaches.

Obtaining Ilyanassa snail embryos.

The marine gastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta is a long-standing and very useful model for studies of embryonic development. It is an especially important model for spiralian development, and for studies of asymmetric cell division. The embryos are amenable to classic embryological manipulation techniques as well as a growing number of molecular approaches.

The snail Ilyanassa: a reemerging model for studies in development.

Ilyanassa obsoleta is a marine gastropod that is a long-standing and very useful model for studies of embryonic development. It is especially important as a model for the spiralian development program, a distinctive mode of early development shared by a large group of animal phyla, but poorly understood. Ilyanassa adults are readily obtainable and easy to keep in the laboratory, and they produce large numbers of embryos throughout most of the year.