Seminal human papillomavirus originates from the body surface and is not a frequent aetiological factor in azoospermia.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA has been detected in the testis tissue of 6.5% of 185 men with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). Others have suggested that seminal HPV originates from contamination from the genital skin and mucosa.

Mitral ring annuloplasty relieves tension of the secondary but not primary chordae tendineae in the anterior mitral leaflet.

Objective: Mitral ring annuloplasty is routinely applied as an adjunct procedure in reconstructive surgery on the mitral valve leaflets or chordae tendineae. It is assumed that mitral ring annuloplasty relieves tensile stress on the repaired valve tissue and thereby improves the durability of the procedure, but the indication is disputable. We sought to study the effect of mitral ring annuloplasty on the tension of the primary and secondary chordae tendineae of the anterior mitral valve leaflet in vivo.

Spectral characteristics of mechanical heart valve closing sounds.

Background And Aims Of The Study: In-vivo evaluation of cavitation is based on the registration of high-frequency pressure fluctuations that represent a mixture of both cavitation and valve closing sounds, and are difficult to separate. In order to extract the cavitation signal, a high-pass filter removing the closing sound is applied. Importantly, the cut-off frequency should be chosen based on the valve's resonance pattern.

Differential tension between secondary and primary mitral chordae in an acute in-vivo porcine model.

Background And Aim Of The Study: Chordae tendineae may be instrumental for valvular-ventricular interaction, i.e. the reciprocal exchange of force between the left ventricular myocardium and the mitral apparatus.