Arthroscopic approach and intra-articular anatomy of the equine atlanto-occipital joint.

Objective: To develop arthroscopic approaches to the atlanto-occipital (A-O) and describe associated arthroscopic anatomy.

Study Design: Experimental ex vivo study and clinical case report.

Animals: Ten equine cadaver joints and 1 clinical case.

Neovascularisation in chronic tendon injuries detected with colour Doppler ultrasound in horse and man: implications for research and treatment.

Recent research on chronic painful Achilles tendons in humans using ultrasonography and immunohistochemistry, has demonstrated an association between neurovascular ingrowth and tendon pain. In horses, chronic debilitating tendon conditions are well-known to be very difficult to treat, and the background to impaired function and pain is not scientifically clarified. In a collaborative research project between the Sports Medicine Unit in Umeå and Strömsholm Equine Hospital, grey-scale ultrasonography (US) and colour Doppler (CD) examination were performed in ten horses with chronic tendon injuries (>3 months) and a control group of six healthy and asymptomatic horses.