The development of nutritional-supplement fact sheets for Irish athletes: a case study.

The use of sport supplements presents a dilemma for many of those involved in supporting athletes, including coaches, families, support staff, and the athletes themselves. Often the information that they source can be incorrect and promote a biased view regarding the use of nutritional supplements. The aim of this case study was to describe the process that occurred around the development of a series of targeted educational fact sheets on a range of nutritional supplements for Irish athletes.

Attachment and internalizing behavior in early childhood: a meta-analysis.

Empirical research supporting the contention that insecure attachment is related to internalizing behaviors has been inconsistent. Across 60 studies including 5,236 families, we found a significant, small to medium effect size linking insecure attachment and internalizing behavior (observed d = .37, 95% CI [0.

The reporting of maltreatment experiences during the Adult Attachment Interview in a sample of pregnant adolescents.

This present student examines maltreatment experiences reported by 55 high-risk pregnant adolescents in response to a slightly adapted version of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; George, Kaplan, & Main, 1996 ). Previous research has suggested that the rates of unresolved states of mind regarding trauma in response to the AAI may be underestimated due to the lack of direct questions and associated probes regarding physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. We address this concern by including behaviorally phrased questions and probes regarding maltreatment experiences into the original format of the AAI and examine the concordance between reports of maltreatment experiences in response to the AAI and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ).

Exploration of the links among fathers' unresolved states of mind with respect to attachment, atypical paternal behavior, and disorganized infant-father attachment.

Atypical maternal behavior has consistently been identified as a precursor of disorganized infant-mother attachment, but to date, no research has examined the role of atypical paternal behavior in the development of disorganized infant-father attachment. This study aims to enhance our understanding and conceptualization of infant-father attachment by examining the role of fathers' unresolved states of mind and the display of atypical paternal behavior in the development of disorganized infant-father attachment. Thirty-one middle-class couples participated in this study.

Stability of atypical caregiver behaviors over six years and associations with disorganized infant-caregiver attachment.

The present study assessed the stability of atypical caregiver behaviors over six years. The sample included 81 mother-child dyads (27 children with cystic fibrosis, 27 with congenital heart disease, and 27 healthy controls). Attachment was assessed using the Strange Situation paradigm when the child was one year old.

Evaluation of a novel radiopacifiying agent on the physical properties of surgical spineplex.

Polymethlylmethacrylate (PMMA) is the most frequently used cement for percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. To aid visualisation during surgery cements are doped with radiopacifying agents such as Barium sulphate (Ba(2)SO(4)) or Zirconium Dioxide (ZiO(2)). Mounting research suggests that these agents may impair the biocompatibility of the cements.

Comparison of an experimental bone cement with a commercial control, Hydroset.

Glass polyalkenoate cements based on strontium calcium zinc silicate glasses (Zn-GPCs) and high molecular weight polyacrylic acids (PAA) (MW; 52,000-210,000) have been shown to exhibit mechanical properties and in vitro bioactivity suitable for arthroplasty applications. Unfortunately, these formulations exhibit working times and setting times which are too short for invasive surgical applications such as bone void filling and fracture fixation. In this study, Zn-GPCs were formulated using a low molecular weight PAA (MW; 12,700) and a modifying agent, trisodium citrate dihydrate (TSC), with the aim of improving the rheological properties of Zn-GPCs.

The effects of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage 15 minutes prior to high-intensity exercise performance.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ingesting a commercially available carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) solution on strenuous exercise performance. Ten apparently healthy male volunteers (Mean +/- SD; age 20 +/- 2 yrs; height 178 +/- 7 cm; body mass 77 +/- 10 kg; estimated VO(2 max) 56 +/- 3 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) completed three experimental trials in random order separated by a minimum of 7 days. For each trial, subjects consumed (8 ml x kg(-1) body mass) either a CHO-E solution (6% carbohydrate, 50 mg Na/500 ml), a non-CHO-E placebo, or no fluid, 15 minutes prior to exercise.

Both maternal sensitivity and atypical maternal behavior independently predict attachment security and disorganization in adolescent mother-infant relationships.

Extant theory holds that variation in attachment security is largely determined by caregiver sensitivity whereas disorganization has its roots in atypical interactions that frighten the infant. These hypotheses were confirmed in the current study of a high-risk sample but, contrary to current theory, both atypical maternal behavior and maternal sensitivity were also significant independent predictors of attachment disorganization and security.

Unresolved maternal attachment representations, disrupted maternal behavior and disorganized attachment in infancy: links to toddler behavior problems.

Background: Attachment theory's original formulation was substantially driven by Bowlby's (1969/1982) quest for a meaningful model of the development of psychopathology. Bowlby posited that aberrant experiences of parenting increase the child's risk of psychopathological outcomes, and that these risks are mediated by the quality of the attachment relationship. To empirically examine this hypothesis, the current study explores the associations between the development of toddler behavior problems and a) maternal unresolved attachment representations, b) maternal interactive behavior, and c) infant attachment relationships.

Influence of strontia on various properties of surgical simplex P acrylic bone cement and experimental variants.

The fact that the composition of acrylic bone cement, as used in cemented primary arthroplasties, is not optimal has been highlighted in the literature. For example: (i) deleterious effects of the radiopacifier (BaSO(4) or ZrO(2) particles in the powder) have been reported; (ii) there is an indication that pre-polymerized poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) beads in the powder may be dispensed with; and (iii) there is a strong consensus that the accelerator commonly used, N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT), is toxic and has many other undesirable properties. At the same time, the effectiveness of drugs that contain a strontium compound in treating the effects of osteoporosis has been explained in terms of the role of strontium in bone formation and resorption.

General Practitioners involvement in enteral tube feeding at home: a qualitative study.

Background: Complex medical treatment is moving from hospital to primary care and General Practitioners (GPs) are increasingly asked to undertake new roles. There are now an estimated 19,500 patients being fed in the UK in the community on enteral tube feeding using a variety of different feeding tubes (Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), Jejunostomy, or nasogastric (NG). The majority of patients are over the age of 65 years when they had artificial feeding initiated and mainly because of dysphagia.

Influence of two changes in the composition of an acrylic bone cement on its handling, thermal, physical, and mechanical properties.

This study is a contribution to the growing body of work on the influence of changes in the composition of an acrylic bone cement on various properties of the curing and cured material. The focus is on one commercially-available acrylic bone cement brand, Surgical Simplex P, and three variants of it and a series of properties, namely, setting time, maximum exotherm temperature, activation energy and frequency factor for the polymerization reaction, diffusion coefficient for the uptake of phosphate buffered saline, at 37 degrees C, ultimate compressive strength (UCS), plane-strain fracture toughness, fatigue life (under fully-reversed tension-compression stress), hardness (H) and elastic modulus (both determined using quasi-static nanoindentation), and the variation of the storage and loss moduli with frequency of the applied force in a dynamic nanoindentation test. It was found that (a) a 68% reduction in the volume of the activator, N,N dimethyl-4-toluidine, relative to the total volume of the liquid monomer (the amounts of all the constituents in the powder and of the hydroquinone in the liquid monomer remaining unchanged) led to, for example, a significant decrease in the rate of the polymerization reaction, at 37 degrees C (c') and a significant increase in H; and (b) the elimination of the pre-polymerized poly (methyl methacrylate) beads in the powder (the amounts of all the other powder constituents and those of the liquid monomer remaining unchanged) led to, for example, a significant drop in c' and a significant increase in UCS.

Fine grain temporal analysis in aphasia: evidence from auditory gap detection.

Auditory temporal processing was investigated in individuals with acquired aphasia using a task in which they were asked to detect brief silent gaps inserted between noise segments modeled after formants in speech. To examine within-channel gap detection, gaps of 10, 20, 40, and 80ms duration were inserted between an initial segment (IS) and a trailing segment (TS) centered at the same frequency (1kHz). In a between-channel gap detection condition, gaps of 20, 40, 80, and 100ms duration were inserted between an IS that differed in frequency (4kHz) from the TS (1kHz).

Reduction of disrupted caregiver behavior using modified interaction guidance.

The present study is a reanalysis of a preexisting study examining the usefulness of the Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification (AMBIANCE; Bronfman, Parsons, & Lyons-Ruth, 1999) measure as an indicator of efficacy in reducing disrupted caregiver behavior in two brief interventions. The current study examines the rate of change in the display of disrupted caregiver behavior over the course of an attachment-based intervention (Modified Interaction Guidance) in a group of 11 caregiver-infant dyads referred to a tertiary care clinic for feeding problems. The AMBIANCE was utilized as an indicator of change in disrupted behavior following an assessment feedback session and three intervention sessions.

Unresolved states of mind, anomalous parental behavior, and disorganized attachment: a review and meta-analysis of a transmission gap.

The current meta-analysis examines the links between unresolved representations of attachment, anomalous parental behavior, and disorganized attachment relationships in 12 studies including 851 families. We found moderate effect sizes for the associations between unresolved states of mind and anomalous behavior (r = .26), unresolved states of mind and infant disorganized attachment relationships (r = .

Optimisation of the composition of an acrylic bone cement: application to relative amounts of the initiator and the activator/co-initiator in Surgical Simplex P.

In cemented arthroplasties, the two-part self-curing acrylic bone cement is currently the only material used for anchoring the total joint replacement to the contiguous bone. In virtually all commercially available formulations of this cement, the agents used for the initiation and activation/co-initiation of the radical polymerisation reaction are benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and N, N dimethyl-para-toluidine (DMPT), respectively. There are no reports in the open literature on the rationale for the amounts of these and other constituents in the formulations of the cement.

Unresolved states of mind, disorganized attachment relationships, and disrupted interactions of adolescent mothers and their infants.

The links between unresolved maternal attachment status, disrupted maternal interaction in play situations, and disorganized attachment relationships were examined in a study of 82 adolescent mother-infant dyads. Maternal interactive behavior was measured using the Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification coding system. Additional rating scales were developed to correspond to the 5 dimensions of disrupted maternal behavior outlined by E.

On pure word deafness, temporal processing, and the left hemisphere.

Pure word deafness (PWD) is a rare neurological syndrome characterized by severe difficulties in understanding and reproducing spoken language, with sparing of written language comprehension and speech production. The pathognomonic disturbance of auditory comprehension appears to be associated with a breakdown in processes involved in mapping auditory input to lexical representations of words, but the functional locus of this disturbance and the localization of the responsible lesion have long been disputed. We report here on a woman with PWD resulting from a circumscribed unilateral infarct involving the left superior temporal lobe who demonstrated significant problems processing transitional spectrotemporal cues in both speech and nonspeech sounds.

Incorporation of a successful community-based mammography intervention: dissemination beyond a community trial.

Although a variety of interventions to increase breast cancer screening have been found to be effective in community-based trials, their ultimate contribution depends on the extent to which they are incorporated (i.e., adopted and adapted) by community organizations.

The Galileo bias: a naive conceptual belief that influences people's perceptions and performance in a ball-dropping task.

This research introduces a new naive physics belief, the Galileo bias, whereby people ignore air resistance and falsely believe that all objects fall at the same rate. Survey results revealed that this bias is held by many and is surprisingly strongest for those with formal physics instruction. In 2 experiments, 98 participants dropped ball pairs varying in volume and/or mass from a height of 10 m, with the goal of both balls hitting the ground simultaneously.

Fast decay of iconic memory in observers with mild cognitive impairments.

In a previous clinical report, unusually fast decay of iconic memory was obtained from a subject who later developed Alzheimer's disease. By using the partial-report paradigm, iconic memory (a form of visual sensory memory) in a group of observers with mild cognitive impairments (MCI) was characterized and compared with that of young college-age adults and older controls. Relatively long stimulus exposures were used for all three groups to ensure that older observers could perceive the stimuli.

Naïve observers' perceptions of family drawings by 7-year-olds with disorganized attachment histories.

Previous research has succeeded in distinguishing among drawings made by children with histories of organized attachment relationships (secure, avoidant, and resistant); however, drawings of children with histories of disorganized attachment have yet to be systematically investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether naïve observers would respond differentially to family drawings of 7-year-olds who were classified in infancy as disorganized vs. organized.

False recognition and word length: a reanalysis of Roediger, Watson, McDermott, and Gallo (2001) and some new data.

Roediger, Watson, McDermott, and Gallo (2001) reported a multiple regression analysis of the variables that predicted rates of false recall and recognition across lists in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm. They concluded that false recollection was predictable from the backward associative strength of critical words and list words and the veridical recall level of list words, with no independent contribution of frequency, concreteness, or length of critical words. A reanalysis of their data shows that critical word length does contribute to false recognition when it is measured relative to the length of other words in the list.

Home enteral-tube feeding: the changing role of the dietitian.

Enteral feeding in primary care has increased markedly over the last decade. It allows patients to be discharged to home or residential care who previously would have remained in hospital. Difficulties do arise for patients, their carers and health professionals, as care of these patients and support for health professionals is often patchy or non-existent.