Pediatric Right Atrial Mass With Pulmonary Embolization.

• Echocardiography is a valuable tool for differentiation of cardiac masses. • Right atrial masses can cause severe complications, including pulmonary embolism. • Management of a cardiac thrombus depends on features and hemodynamic impact.

High-output cardiac failure in the setting of iron deficiency anaemia: a case report.

We present a case of a child with high-output heart failure and severe iron deficiency anaemia-induced dilated cardiomyopathy managed with serial blood transfusions, preload and afterload reducing agents, inotropic therapies, and long-term iron supplementation. The complete resolution of echocardiogram findings of moderate enlargement of all cardiac chambers and moderately depressed left ventricular systolic function was achieved.

Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2023 Cases of SCMR case series.

"Cases of SCMR" is a case series on the SCMR website (https://www.scmr.org) for the purpose of education.

Early Infantile Diagnosis of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Complicated by Child Abuse.

We report a rare case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) in a 4-month-old female infant with findings of child abuse. She presented with poor feeding, vomiting, and irritability after a short fall from the bed. Initial evaluation found subdural hematomas, persistent hypoxia, failure to thrive, a frenulum tear, facial lacerations, and bruising.

Echocardiography to the Rescue in Adult-Onset Partial Shone Complex.

• Shone complex is a rare congenital disorder resulting in serial obstructive lesions. • Although often detected in childhood, partial Shone may present in adulthood. • Multimodality imaging may aid in the evaluation of different disease components.

Fibrosing Mediastinitis Caused by Histoplasmosis in an Adolescent.

Fibrosing mediastinitis (FM) is a rare, potentially progressive disease resulting from an idiosyncratic immune response to a variety of stimuli that lead to fibrous infiltration of the mediastinum and possible narrowing of the bronchovascular structures. We report an unusual case of FM in a pediatric patient presenting as myopericarditis and progressing to pericardial thickening and encasement of the mediastinal vascular structures needing surgical intervention. Imaging, including transthoracic echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography, and cardiac magnetic resonance played a crucial role in the diagnosis, assessment, and follow-up.

The Sword and the Crown: Echocardiography for the Detection of a Rare Combination of Congenital Heart Disease.

• Unexplained right heart enlargement should always prompt evaluation for shunts. • Scimitar syndrome occurs when the right pulmonary veins drain into the IVC. • Coronary sinus dilation should prompt suspicion for PLSVC.

Tolerability and efficacy of a reduced dose adenosine stress cardiac magnetic resonance protocol under general anesthesia in infants and children.

Background: Intravenous adenosine induces pharmacological stress by causing vasodilatation and thus carries the risk of severe hypotension when combined with vasodilatory effects of anesthetic agents.

Objective: This study describes our experience with a reduced dose adenosine cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol in young children under general anesthesia (GA).

Materials And Methods: This is a retrospective report of all patients from birth to 18 years who underwent adenosine stress cardiac MRI under GA between August 2018 and November 2022.

Fetal echocardiographic features associated with bicuspid aortic valve.

Background: Prenatal diagnosis of bicuspid aortic valve is challenging. Bicuspid aortic valve is often associated with aortic dilation.

Methods: Fetuses with postnatally confirmed bicuspid aortic valve were gestational age-matched with normal controls.

Value of Time-Resolved Cardiac CT in Children and Young Adults with Congenital Heart Disease and Infective Endocarditis.

Background: Diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) can be challenging due to negative blood cultures and diagnostic limitations of various imaging modalities. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the gold standard imaging modality for visualization of valvular vegetations. However, due to the anterior location of the pulmonary valve, post-surgical changes, and sedation requirement, TEE can be challenging in the pediatric population.

Cardiac complications of malnutrition in adolescent patients: A narrative review of contemporary literature.

Eating disorders are common. Between 1% and 2% of adolescent females and 0.5% of males suffer from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and Kawasaki disease: a critical comparison.

Children and adolescents infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are predominantly asymptomatic or have mild symptoms compared with the more severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) described in adults. However, SARS-CoV-2 is also associated with a widely reported but poorly understood paediatric systemic vasculitis. This multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has features that overlap with myocarditis, toxic-shock syndrome and Kawasaki disease.

Unraveling the mechanisms of IVIG immunotherapy in MIS-C.

In , Zhu et al. report that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) targets IL-1β neutrophils to exert anti-inflammatory effects in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a post-infectious inflammatory condition associated with COVID-19.

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in congenital heart disease through the lens of single ventricle patients.

Purpose Of Review: This review aims to summarize and organize the current body of literature on this contemporary topic, alongside a more general discussion of neurodevelopmental complications of congenital heart disease.

Recent Findings: It is theorized that the causes of the neurodevelopment disabilities are multifactorial resulting from structural central nervous system abnormalities, haemodynamic alterations and/or biochemical changes. It is therefore imperative that all patients with single ventricle anatomy and physiology receive long-term neurologic and developmental assessments in addition to their cardiac monitoring.

Six Month Follow-up of Patients With Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.

Background And Objectives: Myocardial dysfunction and coronary abnormalities are prominent features of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). In this study we aim to evaluate the early and midterm outcomes of MIS-C.

Methods: This is a longitudinal 6-month cohort study of all children admitted and treated for MIS-C from April 17 to June 20, 2020.

Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2019 Case of the Week series.

The Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) is an international society focused on the research, education, and clinical application of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). The SCMR web site ( https://www.scmr.

Didactic education in paediatric cardiology during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national fellow survey.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a profound impact on medical educational curricula. We aimed to examine the impact of these unprecedented changes on the formal education of paediatric cardiology fellows through a nationwide survey. A REDCap™-based voluntary anonymous survey was sent to all current paediatric cardiology fellows in the United States of America in May, 2020.

Incidence of arrhythmias and electrocardiographic abnormalities in symptomatic pediatric patients with PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection, including drug-induced changes in the corrected QT interval.

Background: There is limited data regarding the electrophysiological abnormalities and arrhythmias in children with COVID-19, including those associated with treatment using potentially proarrhythmic hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and azithromycin (AZN).

Objectives: To describe the electrophysiologic findings and arrhythmias associated with pediatric COVID-19 and its treatment.

Methods: A single-center retrospective chart review was undertaken and included all patients with (1) symptoms of COVID-19 and (2) PCR-positive nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 who were placed on continuous telemetry for the duration of their hospitalization during March through May, 2020.

Tetralogy of Fallot With Pulmonary Atresia: Anatomy, Physiology, Imaging, and Perioperative Management.

Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) with pulmonary atresia (ToF-PA) is a complex congenital heart defect at the extreme end of the spectrum of ToF, with no antegrade flow into the pulmonary arteries. Patients differ with regard to the sources of pulmonary blood flow. In the milder spectrum of disease, there are confluent branch pulmonary arteries fed by ductus arteriosus.

Preoperative Physiology, Imaging, and Management of Coarctation of Aorta in Children.

Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a narrowing of the proximal thoracic aorta typically located at the junction of the aorta with the ductus arteriosus. While it is a simple lesion to understand, considerable variation exists in the anatomy and pathophysiology, leading to varied clinical presentation, management options, and prognosis. On the one hand critical CoA manifests in the neonatal period as a duct-dependent lesion, while less severe forms of obstruction present later in childhood or adulthood as hypertension or incidentally noted precordial murmurs.

Comparison of chloral hydrate and pentobarbital sedation for pediatric echocardiography.

Background: In 2013, outpatient use of chloral hydrate (CH) was limited and other alternatives such as oral pentobarbital (PB) were explored to achieve conscious sedation in young children for transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). We aimed to assess efficacy and safety of the two medications.

Methods: Clinical information, from a computerized database, about children who received sedation with either CH or PB for TTE at our center (2008-2015) was reviewed, and the two groups were compared for sedation effectiveness and complications.

The Utility of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis.

Background: Autopsy reports suggest that cardiac sarcoidosis occurs in 20 to 25% of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, yet the clinical ante-mortem diagnosis is made in only 5% of cases. Current diagnostic algorithms are complex and lack sensitivity. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance imaging (CMR) provides an opportunity to detect myocardial involvement in sarcoidosis.

Unique pattern of late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Cardiomyopathy is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Early recognition of myocardial involvement and initiation of therapy are important for improved outcomes. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is a sensitive tool in early detection of myocardial fibrosis in these children.