Evaluation of different genomic regions of rotavirus B and rotavirus C for development of real-time RT‒PCR assays.

Background: The causative agents of diarrhea, rotavirus B (RVB) and rotavirus C (RVC) are common in adults and patients of all age groups, respectively. Due to the Rotavirus A (RVA) vaccination program, a significant decrease in the number of gastroenteritis cases has been observed globally. The replacement of RVA infections with RVB, RVC, or other related serogroups is suspected due to the possibility of reducing natural selective constraints due to RVA infections.

Evolutionary analysis of all eleven genes of species C rotaviruses circulating in humans and domestic animals.

Species C rotaviruses (RVC) are the second most common rotavirus species known to cause gastroenteritis in humans and pigs and with occurrence documented in cattle, dogs, ferrets, and sloth bears. Despite the host-specific nature of RVC genotypes, cross-species transmission, reassortment, and recombination events are also documented. In the present study, we inferred the evolutionary history of globally circulating RVC strains, including time scale stasis, the most probable ancestral country, and the most probable source host using Bayesian methods implemented in BEAST v.

Enteric and non-enteric adenoviruses in children with acute gastroenteritis in Western India.

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are the viral agents responsible for a wide spectrum of acute and chronic diseases. HAdVs are the most important etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and are identified as the major contributor to the deaths of diarrheal children globally. The significant rise in HAdV infections in rotavirus-vaccinated children documented in multiple studies demands continuous monitoring of HAdV strains.

The 2022 outbreak and the pathobiology of the coxsackie virus [hand foot and mouth disease] in India.

Outbreaks of HFMD in children aged <5 years have been reported worldwide and the major causative agents are Coxsackievirus (CV) A16, enterovirus (EV)-A71 and recently CVA6. In India, HFMD is a disease that is not commonly reported. The purpose of the study was to identify the enterovirus type(s) associated with large outbreak of Hand, foot, and mouth disease during COVID-19 pandemic in 2022.

Outbreak of cholera in a remote village in western India.

Background & Objectives: Atypical El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae are frequently implicated in outbreaks of cholera. It is important to understand genetic variations of such strains which impact clinical and epidemiological outcomes. The present study was carried out to characterize an outbreak of cholera which occurred between July 8 and 13, 2018, in a remote settlement in Nashik district, Maharashtra.

Lack of evidence of viability and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in the fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients.

SARS-CoV-2 can be shed in feces and can enter sewage systems. In order to implement effective control measures and identify new channels of transmission, it is essential to identify the presence of infectious virus particles in feces and sewage. In this study, we attempt to utilize Molecular techniques, cell cultures and animal models to find out the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in the feces of COVID-19 patients.

Rotavirus C infections in asymptomatic piglets in India, 2009-2013: genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of all genomic segments.

Asymptomatic infection with rotavirus C (RVC) was observed in pigs in India, with a detection rate of 20%. Sequencing of the VP6, VP7, and NSP4 genes of RVC strains identified the genotypes I7/I10, G1, and E5, respectively. Full genome sequencing of one of these strains revealed that the genotypes of the VP4, VP1, VP2, VP3, NSP1, NSP2, NSP3, and NSP5 genes were P1, R1, C1, M3, A1, N5, T5, and H1, respectively.

Prolonged Shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in Feces of COVID-19 Positive Patients: Trends in Genomic Variation in First and Second Wave.

The main route of the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are through respiratory pathways and close contact of human-to-human. While information about other modes of transmission is comparatively less, some published literature supporting the likelihood of a fecal-oral mode of transmission has been accumulating. The diagnosis of SARS-COV-2 infected cases is based on the real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR).

Evidence-Based Health Behavior Interventions for Cholera: Lessons from an Outbreak Investigation in India.

In rural India, since 2014, the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) has ensured construction of more than 100 million toilets and is now focusing on reinforcement of sanitation behaviors. We report a cholera outbreak in a remote village in western India where open defecation was implicated in causation. A water pipeline was damaged in the vicinity of a stream flowing from a site of open defecation.

Prevalence and genetic diversity of gastroenteritis viruses in hospitalized children < 5 years of age in Maharashtra state, Western India, 2017-2019.

Four gastroenteritis viruses were responsible for 54% of the acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases in children hospitalized between May 2017 and December 2019 in Pune city of Maharashtra state, Western India. The majority (79%) of the children were <2 years of age. The prevalence of Rotavirus A (RVA) was 30.

Myelopoiesis specific gene expression profiling in human CD34 hematopoietic stem cells.

Differentiation of the HSCs into myeloid lineage is primarily monitored by transcription factor PU.1. GATA1 acts as a negative regulator by antagonizing the function of PU.

Investigation of a large waterborne acute gastroenteritis outbreak caused by group B rotavirus in Maharashtra state, India.

An acute gastroenteritis outbreak at Devli Karad village, Maharashtra, India with an attack rate of 22.6% affected mainly adolescent and adult population. The viral investigations conducted on fecal specimens of patients hospitalized indicated the presence of rotavirus B (RVB) using RNA polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Whole-genome-based characterization of three human Rotavirus C strains isolated from gastroenteritis outbreaks in Western India and a provisional intra-genotypic lineage classification system.

The number of whole-genome sequences of human rotavirus C (RVC) strains available in public databases is recently increasing. Thus far from India only a single whole genome of human RVC of a sporadic case was available. In this study, nearly full-length genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of three RVC strains isolated from three different gastroenteritis outbreaks during 2010-2014 in Western India was carried out.

Evaluation of different genomic regions of Rotavirus A for development of real time PCR.

The nucleotide alignment of all 11 genes of human Rotavirus A (RVA) strains revealed suitability of NSP2, NSP3 and VP6 genes for the development of real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Evaluation of qRT-PCR assays using known rotavirus ELISA positive and negative fecal specimens showed non-overlapping ranges of Mean ±3SD cycle threshold (Ct) values for NSP3 and VP6 based assays. Using serial dilutions of purified RVA, high sensitivity of VP6 qRT-PCR assay (1.

Identification of group B rotavirus as an etiological agent in the gastroenteritis outbreak in Maharashtra, India.

Acute gastroenteritis outbreak occurred at Pargaon, Maharashtra, India in 1789 cases with an attack rate of 32.5% between November to December 2015. The stool specimens (n = 32) were investigated for different enteric viral agents using conventional methods.

Exploring the concurrent presence of hepatitis A virus genome in serum, stool, saliva, and urine samples of hepatitis A patients.

The use of saliva and urine as an alternative to serum samples for detection of anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) IgM antibodies has been documented. However, these samples remain underreported or unexplored for shedding of HAV. To address this issue, paired serum, stool, saliva, and urine samples collected from hepatitis A patients were screened by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of HAV RNA.

A novel approach for efficient extrication of overlapping chromosomes in automated karyotyping.

Since the introduction of the automated karyotyping systems, segmentation and classification of touching and overlapping chromosomes in the metaphase images are major challenges. The earlier reported techniques for disentangling the chromosome overlaps have limited success and use only color information in case of multispectral imaging. Most of them are restricted to separation of single overlap of two chromosomes.

Longer duration of viremia and unique amino acid substitutions in a hepatitis A virus strain [corrected] associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).

The molecular characteristics of hepatitis A virus (HAV) have been studied widely though there is a paucity of data on the correlation with virological and serological findings. In the present study, the whole genome of an Indian HAV strain associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) was characterized vis-à-vis two other Indian HAV genotype IIIA strains, associated with a self-limiting disease. The percentage nucleotide divergence displayed by the Indian strains (CP-IND, PN-IND, and GBS-IND) varied from 3 to 6, whereas the percentage amino acid divergence varied from 0.

Evaluation of genomic regions of hepatitis A virus for phylogenetic analysis: Suitability of the 2C region for genotyping.

The use of different genomic fragments of hepatitis A virus (HAV) has been described for classification of strains available globally. However, the limitations of these fragments have been reported in several studies. The present study was conducted to evaluate the genomic fragments of HAV, spanning from the 5'NCR to 3'NCR to employ them in molecular diagnosis and genotyping.

Cocirculation of and coinfections with hepatitis A virus subgenotypes IIIA and IB in patients from Pune, western India.

Aim: During the 1990s, a changing pattern of epidemiology of hepatitis A was reported in different populations of India. The present study was undertaken to investigate the molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains over a period of 10 years.

Methods: Stool/serum samples were collected from hepatitis A patients clinically presenting acute viral hepatitis and hepatic encephalopathy.

Case report: Hepatitis A preceding Guillain-Barré syndrome.

A case of acute hepatitis A with Guillain-Barré Syndrome subtype AMAN (acute motor axonal neuropathy) in a 17-year-old male is reported. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid were positive for anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) IgM, IgG, and IgA. The onset of the syndrome was evident in week 3 of illness.

Evaluation of urine as a clinical specimen for diagnosis of hepatitis a.

The present study pertains to the evaluation of urine as a specimen for detection of anti-hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) antibodies. Immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for hepatitis A were performed on paired serum and urine specimens collected from hepatitis A patients (n = 92), healthy individuals (n = 100), non-A hepatitis patients (n = 70), and patients with nonhepatic diseases (n = 64, including 37 renal disease patients). Hepatitis A patients seropositive for anti-HAV IgM showed 95.