Dietary supplement adulteration - knowledge, attitudes, and practices of California health care professionals: A cross-sectional survey study.

Objective: To assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices surrounding dietary supplements (DS) among California health care professionals (HCPs) and assess factors contributing to the frequency with which HCPs discuss DS with patients.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, an online questionnaire was distributed to HCPs in California from December 2021-April 2022 via professional membership email listservs.

Results: Among 514 HCPs, overall knowledge of DS did not vary significantly by professional group, and 90% had received little to no DS education.

Short term clinical and echocardiography outcomes of pericardiectomy in constrictive pericarditis.

Tuberculous pericarditis continues to be a leading cause of chronic constrictive pericarditis (CCP) in developing countries. Echocardiography plays a key role in the assessment and diagnosis. Twelve patients who underwent pericardiectomy for CCP in last 18 months of the study period were subjected to clinical and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class assessment along with comprehensive echocardiographic evaluation.

Unapproved Pharmaceutical Ingredients Included in Dietary Supplements Associated With US Food and Drug Administration Warnings.

Importance: Over half of adults in the United States report consuming dietary supplements. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has warned of numerous dietary supplements containing undeclared, unapproved pharmaceutical ingredients. These FDA warnings have not been comprehensively analyzed for recent years.

Size and methylation mosaicism in males with Fragile X syndrome.

Background: Size and methylation mosaicism are a common phenomenon in Fragile X syndrome (FXS). Here, the authors report a study on twelve fragile X males with atypical mosaicism, seven of whom presented with autism spectrum disorder.

Methods: A combination of Southern Blot and PCR analysis was used for CGG allele sizing and methylation.

Malposition of Subclavian Venous Catheter Leading to Chest Complications.

Although Central Venous Catheter (CVC) placement is a relatively simple procedure but its insertion and maintenance are associated with significant risks. Malposition (defined as any CVC tip position outside the superior vena cava) may be associated with catheter insertion and may require immediate intervention. It may result in complications like haemothorax, pleural effusions, pneumothorax, sepsis, thrombosis and cardiac tamponade.

Reduced excitatory amino acid transporter 1 and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 expression in the cerebellum of fragile X mental retardation gene 1 premutation carriers with fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome.

A premutation (PM) expansion (55-200 CGG) in the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 causes elevated messenger RNA and reduced fragile X mental retardation gene 1 protein. Young PM carriers can develop characteristic physical features and mild cognitive disabilities. In addition, individuals with PM, particularly male carriers, are at high risk to develop fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) with aging.

CGG-repeat length threshold for FMR1 RNA pathogenesis in a cellular model for FXTAS.

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects carriers of premutation alleles (55-200 CGG repeats) of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. The presence of elevated levels of expanded mRNA found in premutation carriers is believed to be the basis for the pathogenesis in FXTAS, but the exact mechanisms by which the mRNA causes toxicity are not known. In particular, it is not clear whether there is a threshold for a CGG-repeat number below which no cellular dysregulation occurs, or whether toxicity depends on mRNA concentration.

Clinical phenotypes of a juvenile sibling pair carrying the fragile X premutation.

Individuals with alleles containing 55-200 CGG repeats in the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene are premutation carriers. The premutation allele has been shown to lead to a number of types of clinical involvement, including shyness, anxiety, social deficits, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and executive function deficits. Some of these problems could be due to mild deficits of the fragile X protein (FMRP) and a possible developmental effect of the elevated FMR1 mRNA observed in carriers.

A novel family of C. elegans snRNPs contains proteins associated with trans-splicing.

In many Caenorhabditis elegans pre-mRNAs, the RNA sequence between the 5' cap and the first 3' splice site is replaced by trans-splicing a short spliced leader (SL) from the Sm snRNP, SL1. C. elegans also utilizes a similar Sm snRNP, SL2, to trans-splice at sites between genes in polycistronic pre-mRNAs from operons.