The value of whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in assessing body composition in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study.

Objectives: Low skeletal muscle index (SMI) is common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but has an uncertain relationship with active intestinal inflammation. This study evaluated body composition by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in patients with IBD and healthy controls to enable the value of formal body composition analysis to be judged.

Methods: Patients with IBD and sex/age-matched controls prospectively underwent full body composition assessment by DXA, assessment by BMI, eating questionnaires and handgrip strength.

Accuracy of ultrasound, bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry as point-of-care measurements of skeletal muscle mass in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Background: Disturbance of skeletal muscle mass has clinically important implications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but accurate quantification requires radiation-intense techniques.

Aims: We aimed to compare point-of-care muscle assessments and their change with therapy with those using reference-standard whole-body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Methods: Adult patients with IBD and healthy controls underwent prospective assessment of muscularity by ultrasound of the dominant arm and both thighs, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), anthropometric measurements, and DXA.

Dilemmas in the Management of Osteoporosis in Younger Adults.

Osteoporosis in premenopausal women and men younger than 50 years is challenging to diagnose and treat. There are many barriers to optimal management of osteoporosis in younger adults, further enhanced by a limited research focus on this cohort. Herein we describe dilemmas commonly encountered in diagnosis, investigation, and management of osteoporosis in younger adults.

Primary hyperparathyroidism in adults-(Part II) surgical management and postoperative follow-up: Position statement of the Endocrine Society of Australia, The Australian & New Zealand Endocrine Surgeons, and The Australian & New Zealand Bone and Mineral Society.

Objective: To develop evidence-based recommendations to guide the surgical management and postoperative follow-up of adults with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Methods: Representatives from relevant Australian and New Zealand Societies used a systematic approach for adaptation of guidelines (ADAPTE) to derive an evidence-informed position statement addressing eight key questions.

Results: Diagnostic imaging does not determine suitability for surgery but can guide the planning of surgery in suitable candidates.

Challenges in the diagnosis and management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in younger and older adults.

Objective: Glucocorticoids constitute a considerable risk for developing osteoporosis in both younger and older adults. However, currently available bone imaging modalities and fracture-risk assessment tools do not adequately capture the dramatic changes in bone microarchitecture, heterogeneity of glucocorticoid exposure, the impact of chronic disease and other osteoporosis risk factors on the assessment of osteoporosis in these individuals.

Design: A narrative review is presented, following a systematic search of the literature from 2000 to 2021.

Models of care for osteoporosis: A systematic scoping review of efficacy and implementation characteristics.

Background: Osteoporosis affects over half of adults over 50 years worldwide. With an ageing population, osteoporosis, fractures and their associated costs are increasing. Unfortunately, despite effective therapies, many with osteoporosis remain undiagnosed and untreated.

Paediatric and young adult manifestations and outcomes of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

Context: Multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 (MEN 1) is an autosomal dominant disease presenting as hyperplasia and neoplasia of parathyroid, pituitary and enteropancreatic tissues. Over 90% of gene carriers develop phenotypic disease by age 30 years, potentially with onset of asymptomatic disease during childhood and adolescence.

Objective: To describe the paediatric and young adult manifestations of MEN 1.

Fracture risk in young and middle-aged adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with skeletal fragility. While previous meta-analyses have demonstrated an increased risk of fracture in individuals with T1DM, little is known about fracture risk in T1DM, in the absence of age-related confounders.

Aims: To determine the risk of fracture in young and middle-aged adults with T1DM aged 18-50 years old.

Minimal-trauma ankle fractures predominate during pregnancy: a 17-year retrospective study.

Unlabelled: This study assessed all fractures occurring in pregnancy at a tertiary referral centre over a 17-year period. Most fractures were due to minimal trauma, and those involving the ankle were the most common. Women tended to fracture during their second and third trimesters and most required surgical intervention during pregnancy.