Publications by authors named "Madhanmohan Muthukrishnan"

Article Synopsis
  • Leptospirosis, a re-emerging disease affecting both humans and dogs, was diagnosed in a study of 210 suspected dogs using MAT and PCR tests.
  • The study found that 58.57% of the dogs had anti-leptospiral antibodies, with 23.33% confirmed as acutely infected, primarily influenced by factors like age, seasonal weather, outdoor exposure, and contact with rodents or wet environments.
  • The identification of Leptospira interrogans in infected dogs highlights the importance of recognizing these risk factors for timely treatment and recovery strategies in canines.
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  • * The virus was isolated from chicken eggs and CEF cells, showing typical symptoms in embryos and confirming DHAV infection through histopathology and electron microscopy.
  • * The study identified DHAV-2 as the specific genotype responsible and highlighted the need for increased surveillance and control measures to manage and prevent the spread of the virus in India.
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Bovine tropical theileriosis (BTT) is a tick-borne protozoan disease of cattle and responsible for major economic losses to the dairy farmers in India. This report describes diagnosis, genotyping and successful treatment of heavy infection of Theileria annulata in an organized dairy farm at Kattupakkam, Chennai. Four cross bred cows of 2 to 5 years of age showed clinical signs i.

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important contagious disease of livestock mainly cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and pig. There is limited data available on pathogenesis of foot and mouth disease in goats. In the study, the sheep and goats were infected experimentally with a serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus by different challenge routes.

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In this study, the nucleotide sequences of the complete leader proteinase (Lpro) region of 21 isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O collected during various outbreaks in India were sequenced and compared with vaccine strains. The phylogenetic analysis of these Lpro sequences showed a difference in the clustering of the isolates based on the VP1 capsid coding region sequences. The comparison of amino acid sequences at the N terminus end of the Lpro region showed very high variability, although 2 conserved start codons (AUG) at 1st and 29th sites.

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Article Synopsis
  • The serotype A foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in India poses a significant challenge due to the emergence of genetically and antigenically diverse lineages, making current vaccines less effective against some isolates.
  • In 2009, a new vaccine strain (IND40/2000) was adopted to address this diversity, but it still faces limitations, particularly against certain isolates with VP3(59)-deletion.
  • Four alternative vaccine candidates were identified and analyzed, indicating that strains IND281/2003 and IND195/2007 could be valuable additions to the vaccine strategy to ensure broader protection against evolving viral strains.
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Serology is used to predict vaccine induced protection against challenge with a heterologous strain of the same serotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). To evaluate the accuracy of such predictions, we compared the protection afforded to cattle vaccinated with the O(1) Manisa strain of FMDV against challenge with either a homologous (O(1) Manisa) or a heterologous strain (O(1) Campos). Serology by virus neutralization test (VNT) using O(1) Manisa antiserum predicted an acceptable protection against such a challenge.

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The ability of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine to protect sheep and goats from a homologous direct in-contact challenge and the effect on virus excretion from the nasal secretions and oropharynx was examined. An experimental oil adjuvant O(1) Manisa FMD vaccine protected sheep and goats from clinical disease from 7 days post vaccination following 24 hours of direct in-contact exposure to four infected donor sheep or goats. Goats required lower antibody titres for protection when compared with sheep.

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The relationship of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) virus antigen payload and single and double vaccinations in conferring protection against virus challenge in sheep was studied. Sheep vaccinated with half the cattle dose (1 ml) containing 15 and 3.75 μg of FMDV antigen with or without booster resisted virulent challenge on 21 days post vaccination or 7 days post booster.

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Laboratory detection of specific foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is routinely carried out by ELISA and RT-PCR. Identification and serotyping of FMDV by ELISA requires polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits and guinea pigs. The polyclonal antibodies have certain disadvantages such as batch to batch variation, inconsistent yields of antibodies and limited quantity of serum obtained from individual animals.

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Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) samples transported to the laboratory from far and inaccessible areas for serodiagnosis pose a major problem in a tropical country like India, where there is maximum temperature fluctuation. Inadequate storage methods lead to spoilage of FMDV samples collected from clinically positive animals in the field. Such samples are declared as non-typeable by the typing laboratories with the consequent loss of valuable epidemiological data.

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