Discussing Weight with Patients in Primary Care in Australia: A Mixed Methods Experimental Study.

Background: Weight bias is characterised by negative attitudes towards people with a higher weight and is widespread in healthcare. Primary care professionals sometimes avoid discussing weight with patients due to concerns about upsetting them, insufficient training, resources, or referral pathways. There is, however, a responsibility for primary care professionals to address the health needs of patients, which may require discussing weight.

Social media delivered mental health campaigns and public service announcements: A systematic literature review of public engagement and help-seeking behaviours.

Social media (SM) is increasingly utilised to disseminate mental health (MH) public service announcements (PSAs) and campaigns, connecting the public with support or resources. However, the effectiveness of MH campaigns/PSAs is often overlooked, and actions following exposure are rarely measured. We aimed to i) systematically review research on MH campaigns/PSAs disseminated via SM to determine their efficacy in eliciting engagement, help-seeking/behavioural change and ii) identify components that may facilitate engagement, help-seeking/behavioural change.

Exploration of parental consent for adolescent involvement in genital body image education research.

Genital body image is a highly understudied concept but is important for sexual health and broader body image satisfaction. Effective genital body image interventions for adolescents have been developed, however, parental consent can be a barrier to adolescent participation. The aim of this study was to conduct a novel exploration of parental consent for genital body image education research and factors related to this consent.

In their own words: a qualitative survey of healthcare providers' experiences with personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: At the beginning of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, healthcare personnel (HCP) faced a dire shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE). This shortage has been identified as a major source of distress among HCP during the early COVID-19 pandemic, though the specific consequences of this shortage have not been identified in the qualitative literature.

Methods: We sought to fill this gap by conducting a qualitative analysis of PPE related free-text comments from online surveys completed by 923 HCP during Spring 2020.

ERK signaling promotes resistance to TRK kinase inhibition in NTRK fusion-driven glioma mouse models.

Pediatric-type high-grade gliomas frequently harbor gene fusions involving receptor tyrosine kinase genes, including neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor (NTRK) fusions. Clinically, these tumors show high initial response rates to tyrosine kinase inhibition but ultimately recur due to the accumulation of additional resistance-conferring mutations. Here, we developed a series of genetically engineered mouse models of treatment-naïve and -experienced NTRK1/2/3 fusion-driven gliomas.

Kinetic evidence for multiple aggregation pathways in antibody light chain variable domains.

Aggregation of antibody light chain proteins is associated with the progressive disease light chain amyloidosis. Patient-derived amyloid fibrils are formed from light chain variable domain residues in non-native conformations, highlighting a requirement that light chains unfold from their native structures in order to aggregate. However, mechanistic studies of amyloid formation have primarily focused on the self-assembly of natively unstructured peptides, and the role of native state unfolding is less well understood.

From hype to hope: Considerations in conducting robust microbiome science.

Microbiome science has been one of the most exciting and rapidly evolving research fields in the past two decades. Breakthroughs in technologies including DNA sequencing have meant that the trillions of microbes (particularly bacteria) inhabiting human biological niches (particularly the gut) can be profiled and analysed in exquisite detail. This microbiome profiling has profound impacts across many fields of research, especially biomedical science, with implications for how we understand and ultimately treat a wide range of human disorders.

Kinetic evidence for multiple aggregation pathways in antibody light chain variable domains.

Aggregation of antibody light chain proteins is associated with the progressive disease light chain amyloidosis. Patient-derived amyloid fibrils are formed from light chain variable domain residues in non-native conformations, highlighting a requirement that light chains unfold from their native structures in order to aggregate. However, mechanistic studies of amyloid formation have primarily focused on the self-assembly of natively unstructured peptides, and the role of native state unfolding is less well understood.

Ethical Challenges in AI Approaches to Eating Disorders.

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) to assist with the prevention, identification, and management of eating disorders and body image concerns is exciting, but it is not without risk. Technology is advancing rapidly, and ensuring that responsible standards are in place to mitigate risk and protect users is vital to the success and safety of technologies and users.

Challenges and priorities for researching the gut microbiota in individuals living with anorexia nervosa.

Objective: The gut microbiota is implicated in several symptoms and biological pathways relevant to anorexia nervosa (AN). Investigations into the role of the gut microbiota in AN are growing, with a specific interest in the changes that occur in response to treatment. Findings suggest that microbial species may be associated with some of the symptoms common in AN, such as depression and gastrointestinal disturbances (GID).

Factors contributing to the sustained implementation of an early childhood obesity prevention intervention: The .

Background: The is an efficacious, group-based program for first-time parents, delivered at three-monthly intervals when are aged 3-18 months through an existing universal care service in Victoria, Australia. Many lessons have been learnt from its origins as a cluster randomized control trial to its small-scale, community-level implementation. This study aimed to describe factors contributing to its sustained implementation to inform large-scale implementation across Australia.

Novel Methods for Leveraging Large Cohort Studies for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Research.

Qualitative research methods, while rising in popularity, are still a relatively underutilized tool in public health research. Usually reserved for small samples, qualitative research techniques have the potential to enhance insights gained from large questionnaires and cohort studies, both deepening the interpretation of quantitative data and generating novel hypotheses that might otherwise be missed by standard approaches; this is especially true where exposures and outcomes are new, understudied, or rapidly changing, as in a pandemic. However, methods for the conduct of qualitative research within large samples are underdeveloped.

Diet, Digestion, and the Dietitian: A Survey of Clinicians' Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices to Advance the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disturbances in Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa.

Despite advances in treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN), current therapeutic approaches do not fully consider gastrointestinal disturbances (GID), often present in AN. Addressing GID, both symptoms and disorders, is likely to improve treatment adherence and outcomes in people with AN. GID are complex and are linked to a range of factors related to eating disorder symptomology and can be impacted by nutritional treatment.

A qualitative analysis of psychosocial stressors and health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on frontline healthcare personnel in the United States.

There is a dearth of qualitative studies exploring the lived experiences of frontline healthcare personnel (HCP) during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. We examined workplace stressors, psychological manifestations of said stressors, and coping strategies reported through coded open-text responses from 1024 online surveys completed over two months by 923 HCP participating in three nationwide cohorts from Spring 2020. Our findings suggest that risk, job insecurity, frustration with hospital administration, inadequate access to personal protective equipment, and witnessing patient suffering and death contributed to deteriorating mental and physical health.

Gastrointestinal symptoms following treatment for anorexia nervosa: A systematic literature review.

Objective: Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances are a frequent and burdensome experience for patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). How GI symptoms respond to current interventions is not well characterized, yet is critical to facilitate treatment success, and to inform the development of new treatments for AN. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to identify which treatments are effective in improving GI symptoms in patients with AN.

Prebiotic and probiotic supplementation and the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway: A systematic review and meta analysis.

This systematic review aimed to synthesise the results from studies investigating the effects of prebiotics and probiotics on kynurenine pathway metabolism. Thirteen studies were identified for inclusion, comprising 12 probiotic and two prebiotic arms. Participants included healthy individuals and individuals with various clinical conditions.

Possible use of fermented foods in rehabilitation of anorexia nervosa: the gut microbiota as a modulator.

Anorexia nervosa is a serious psychiatric disorder with high morbidity and mortality rate. Evidence for the optimal psychopharmacological approach to managing the disorder remains limited, with nutritional treatment, focused on weight restoration through the consumption of high energy diet, regarded as one of the fundamental steps in treatment. The human gut microbiome is increasingly recognised for its proposed role in gastrointestinal, metabolic, immune and mental health, all of which may be compromised in individuals with anorexia nervosa.

The effects of dairy and dairy derivatives on the gut microbiota: a systematic literature review.

The effects of dairy and dairy-derived products on the human gut microbiota remains understudied. A systematic literature search was conducted using Medline, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, and PubMed databases with the aim of collating evidence on the intakes of all types of dairy and their effects on the gut microbiota in adults. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool.

The effect of ultra-processed very low-energy diets on gut microbiota and metabolic outcomes in individuals with obesity: A systematic literature review.

This systematic review investigated the effects of ultra-processed very low-energy diets on gut microbiota and metabolic outcomes in individuals with obesity. MEDLINE complete, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane and CINAHL were searched between date of inception and October 2019. Seven trials were reviewed (a total of 130 participants, with 10 to 44 participants in each trial).

Treatment interventions for Severe and Enduring Eating Disorders: Systematic review.

Objective: Approximately 20% of people with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and 10% with Bulimia Nervosa (BN) will eventually develop a long-standing illness. Although there is no set definition for Severe and Enduring eating Disorder (SE-ED), the common criteria relate to a long duration of the disorder and a number of unsuccessful treatment attempts. Research evidence for treatment of SE-ED remains limited, thus the objective of this systematic review was to describe different treatment interventions and their effects on SE-ED-related outcomes.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of 24-h urinary output of children and adolescents: impact on the assessment of iodine status using urinary biomarkers.

Purpose: Urinary iodine concentration (UIC (μg/ml) from spot urine samples collected from school-aged children is used to determine the iodine status of populations. Some studies further extrapolate UIC to represent daily iodine intake, based on the assumption that children pass approximately 1 L urine over 24-h, but this has never been assessed in population studies. Therefore, the present review aimed to collate and produce an estimate of the average 24-h urine volume of children and adolescents (> 1 year and < 19 years) from published studies.

The Digital Education to Limit Salt in the Home Program Improved Salt-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors in Parents.

Background: Currently, Australian children and adults are eating too much salt, increasing their risk of cardiovascular-related conditions. Web-based programs provide an avenue to engage the parents of primary schoolchildren in salt-specific messages, which may positively impact their own salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KABs).

Objective: This pilot study aimed to determine whether parents' salt-related KABs improved following participation in the Digital Education to LImit Salt in the Home (DELISH) Web-based education program.