G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) contribute to numerous physiological processes via complex network mechanisms. While indirect signaling assays (Ca mobilization, cAMP production, and GTPS binding) have been useful in identifying and characterizing downstream signaling mechanisms of GPCRs, these methods lack measurements of direct binding affinities, kinetics, binding specificity, and selectivity that are important parameters in GPCR drug discovery. In comparison to existing direct methods that use radio- or fluorescent labels, label-free techniques can closely emulate the native interactions around binding partners.
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