A novel antibody treatment reduces deformed wing virus loads in the western honey bee ().

Unlabelled: The deformed wing virus () (DWV) is a key driver of colony loss in the western honey bee (). Here, we demonstrate that orally delivered anti-DWV antibodies can act systemically to reduce DWV loads in naturally infected honey bees. Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) was produced in adult chickens against two DWV proteins, harvested from their eggs, and fed to bees in a sucrose solution.

Extreme mitochondrial reduction in a novel group of free-living metamonads.

Metamonads are a diverse group of heterotrophic microbial eukaryotes adapted to living in hypoxic environments. All metamonads but one harbour metabolically altered 'mitochondrion-related organelles' (MROs) with reduced functions, however the degree of reduction varies. Here, we generate high-quality draft genomes, transcriptomes, and predicted proteomes for five recently discovered free-living metamonads.

Student Perspectives on Sources of Resilience During Nursing School.

Resilience is important to the academic and career success of nursing students; however, the literature on nursing student resilience is sparse and remains undertheorized. This article describes nursing students' perspectives on sources of resilience during nursing school at one institution of higher learning. A constant comparative analysis of baccalaureate nursing student focus group responses was performed.

Student perspectives on potential sources of trauma exposure during nursing school.

Adverse effects of events experienced by nursing students as harmful during nursing school have included moral distress, prolonged grief reactions, secondary traumatic stress, and anxiety and depression during nursing school. Nursing student perceptions of potential sources of trauma exposure also known as potentially traumatic events (PTEs) during nursing school are lacking in the literature. The purpose of this study was to describe nursing students' perceptions of potential sources of trauma exposure during nursing school at one private school of nursing.

Unbiased proteomics, histochemistry, and mitochondrial DNA copy number reveal better mitochondrial health in muscle of high-functioning octogenarians.

Background: Master athletes (MAs) prove that preserving a high level of physical function up to very late in life is possible, but the mechanisms responsible for their high function remain unclear.

Methods: We performed muscle biopsies in 15 octogenarian world-class track and field MAs and 14 non-athlete age/sex-matched controls (NA) to provide insights into mechanisms for preserving function in advanced age. Muscle samples were assessed for respiratory compromised fibers, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, and proteomics by liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry.

Smoke-induced neuromuscular junction degeneration precedes the fibre type shift and atrophy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Key Points: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is largely caused by smoking, and patient limb muscle exhibits a fast fibre shift and atrophy. We show that this fast fibre shift is associated with type grouping, suggesting recurring cycles of denervation-reinnervation underlie the type shift. Compared to patients with normal fat-free mass index (FFMI), patients with low FFMI exhibited an exacerbated fibre type shift, marked accumulation of very small persistently denervated muscle fibres, and a blunted denervation-responsive transcript profile, suggesting failed denervation precipitates muscle atrophy in patients with low FFMI.

Impact of Heated Humidified High Flow Air via Nasal Cannula on Respiratory Effort in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

High flow nasal cannula therapy (HFNC) has been widely adopted for respiratory distress, and evidence suggests that purging dead space of the upper airway improves gas fractions in the lung. This study tests the hypothesis that HFNC with room air could be as effective as low flow oxygen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thirty-two COPD patients prescribed 1 - 2 L/min of oxygen were studied.

Eccentric Ergometer Training Promotes Locomotor Muscle Strength but Not Mitochondrial Adaptation in Patients with Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Eccentric ergometer training (EET) is increasingly being proposed as a therapeutic strategy to improve skeletal muscle strength in various cardiorespiratory diseases, due to the principle that lengthening muscle actions lead to high force-generating capacity at low cardiopulmonary load. One clinical population that may particularly benefit from this strategy is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as ventilatory constraints and locomotor muscle dysfunction often limit efficacy of conventional exercise rehabilitation in patients with severe disease. While the feasibility of EET for COPD has been established, the nature and extent of adaptation within COPD muscle is unknown.

Denervation drives mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle of octogenarians.

Key Points: Mitochondria are frequently implicated in the ageing of skeletal muscle, although the role of denervation in modulating mitochondrial function in ageing muscle is unknown. We show that increased sensitivity to apoptosis initiation occurs prior to evidence of persistent denervation and is thus a primary mitochondrial defect in ageing muscle worthy of therapeutic targeting. However, at more advanced age, mitochondrial function changes are markedly impacted by persistent sporadic myofibre denervation, suggesting the mitochondrion may be a less viable therapeutic target.

Failed upregulation of TFAM protein and mitochondrial DNA in oxidatively deficient fibers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease locomotor muscle.

Background: Low mitochondrial content and oxidative capacity are well-established features of locomotor muscle dysfunction, a prevalent and debilitating systemic occurrence in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although the exact cause is not firmly established, physical inactivity and oxidative stress are among the proposed underlying mechanisms. Here, we assess the impact of COPD pathophysiology on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) integrity, biogenesis, and cellular oxidative capacity in locomotor muscle of COPD patients and healthy controls.

Priming of lowpass-filtered speech affects response bias, not sensitivity, in a bandwidth discrimination task.

Priming is demonstrated when prior information about the content of a distorted, filtered, or masked auditory message improves its clarity. The current experiment attempted to quantify aspects of priming by determining its effects on performance and bias in a lowpass-filter-cutoff frequency discrimination task. Nonsense sentences recorded by a female talker were sharply lowpass filtered at a nominal cutoff frequency (F) of 0.

Unequal-strength source zROC slopes reflect criteria placement and not (necessarily) memory processes.

Source memory zROC slopes change from below 1 to above 1 depending on which source gets the strongest learning. This effect has been attributed to memory processes, either in terms of a threshold source recollection process or changes in the variability of continuous source evidence. We propose 2 decision mechanisms that can produce the slope effect, and we test them in 3 experiments.

The effects of recreational sport on VO₂peak, VO₂ kinetics and submaximal exercise performance in males and females.

The purpose of the present study was to examine changes in VO(2peak), VO(2) kinetics and steady-state exercise performance following 4 weeks of participation in recreational sport. Subjects (male n = 8, female n = 9) participated in recreational sport (basketball, floor hockey and soccer) four times per week for 4 weeks. Both before and after training, VO(2peak) was measured on a cycle ergometer, VO(2) kinetics was determined as the average of three transitions to 80 W, and heart rate (HR) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured during 60 min at a work rate corresponding to 50 % of pre-training VO(2peak).

Positive and negative remember judgments and ROCs in the plurals paradigm: evidence for alternative decision strategies.

Using old-new ratings and remember-know judgments we explored the plurals paradigm, in which studied words must be distinguished from plurality-changed lures. The paradigm allowed us to investigate negative remembering--that is, the remembering of a plural-altered study item; capacity for this judgment was found to be poorer than or equivalent to the conventional positive remembering. A response-bias manipulation affected positive but not negative remembering.

Serial increased cardiac troponin T predicts mortality in asymptomatic patients treated with chronic haemodialysis.

Background: A single detectable cardiac troponin predicts mortality in patients treated with dialysis. There are limited data on changes in troponin concentration over time and the clinical implications of serial troponin measurement.

Methods: Serial cardiac troponin T (cTnT) was assayed five times over 12 months in a prospective cohort study of patients with end-stage kidney disease treated with haemodialysis.

Evaluating models of remember-know judgments: complexity, mimicry, and discriminability.

Remember-know judgments provide additional information in recognition memory tests, but the nature of this information and the attendant decision process are in dispute. Competing models have proposed that remember judgments reflect a sum of familiarity and recollective information (the one-dimensional model), are based on a difference between these strengths (STREAK), or are purely recollective (the dual-process model). A choice among these accounts is sometimes made by comparing the precision of their fits to data, but this strategy may be muddied by differences in model complexity: Some models that appear to provide good fits may simply be better able to mimic the data produced by other models.

B-type natriuretic peptides strongly predict mortality in patients who are treated with long-term dialysis.

Background And Objectives: Left ventricular abnormalities contribute to cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease and may be detected by measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in serum.

Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: In a prospective cohort study of predialysis patients, patients who were on dialysis, and kidney transplant recipients, serum was collected and assayed for both B-type natriuretic peptide and its N-terminal fragment. Median levels were compared using nonparametric tests, and predictors of B-type natriuretic peptide were determined by linear regression.

Interpreting the effects of response bias on remember-know judgments using signal detection and threshold models.

In recognition memory experiments, the tendency to identify a test item as "old" or "new" can be increased or decreased by instructions given at test. The effect of such response bias on remember-know judgments is to change "remember" as well as "old" responses. Existing models of the remember-know paradigm (based on dual-process and signal detection theories) interpret this effect as a shift i nresponse criteria, but differ on the nature ofthe dimension along which t he changes take place.

Measures of sensitivity based on a single hit rate and false alarm rate: the accuracy, precision, and robustness of d', Az, and A'.

Signal detection theory offers several indexes of sensitivity (d', Az, and A') that are appropriate for two-choice discrimination when data consist of one hit rate and one false alarm rate per condition. These measures require simplifying assumptions about how target and lure evidence is distributed. We examine three statistical properties of these indexes: accuracy (good agreement between the parameter and the sampling distribution mean), precision (small variance of the sampling distribution), and robustness (small influence of violated assumptions on accuracy).

Deciding about decision models of remember and know judgments: a reply to Murdock (2006).

B. B. Murdock (2006) has interpreted remember-know data within a decision space defined by item and associative information, the fundamental variables in his general recognition memory model TODAM (B.

The remember response: subject to bias, graded, and not a process-pure indicator of recollection.

Recognition memory judgments have long been assumed to depend on the contributions of two underlying processes: recollection and familiarity. We measured recollection with receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) data and remember-know judgments. Under standard remember-know instructions, the two estimates of recollection diverged.

Low molecular weight advanced glycation end products predict mortality in asymptomatic patients receiving chronic haemodialysis.

Background: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have biological properties that may contribute to the premature cardiovascular mortality of haemodialysis patients. This study examines the hypothesis that low molecular weight forms of fluorescent AGEs (LMW fluorescence) predict mortality in haemodialysis patients.

Methods: The LMW fluorescence was measured in 85 patients treated with chronic haemodialysis and prospectively followed for 4 years.