A systematic review of prevention strategies for type 2 diabetes in First Nations children and young people.

Introduction: There is a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in First Nations populations worldwide, increasingly at younger ages. This review aims to identify interventions for the prevention of T2D in First Nations children and young people aged 4-25 years.

Methods: A systematic search of both published and unpublished literature until March 2024 was performed using 15 electronic databases, including MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ATSIHealth, OpenGrey and specific First Nations databases.

Medicaid Expansion is Associated with Differences in Local Therapy for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background: Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act aimed to expand healthcare access, improve quality, and reduce costs. The effects of Medicaid expansion on receipt of local therapy for lung cancer are unknown.

Methods: We utilized the National Cancer Database to conduct a retrospective analysis of patients with clinical T1-2, N0, M0 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without neoadjuvant treatment.

Interpersonal vs. supportive group psychotherapy for depression attributed to work stress: study protocol of the multicentre, cluster-randomised, controlled IPT-Work trial.

Background: Depression associated with occupational stress is highly prevalent, causing high rates of sick leave and thus posing significant societal and economic burden. Meta-analyses of the few studies on psychological and work-focused interventions for common mental disorders including depression report small effects on depressive symptomatology and occupational outcomes. There is an urgent need for more controlled studies on work-directed interventions assessing work outcomes.

A forward genetic screen identifies potassium channel essentiality in SHH medulloblastoma maintenance.

Distinguishing tumor maintenance genes from initiation, progression, and passenger genes is critical for developing effective therapies. We employed a functional genomic approach using the Lazy Piggy transposon to identify tumor maintenance genes in vivo and applied this to sonic hedgehog (SHH) medulloblastoma (MB). Combining Lazy Piggy screening in mice and transcriptomic profiling of human MB, we identified the voltage-gated potassium channel KCNB2 as a candidate maintenance driver.

Targeting EPHB2/ABL1 restores antitumor immunity in preclinical models of ependymoma.

Ependymoma (EPN) is a common form of brain tumor in children, often resistant to available cytotoxic therapies. Molecular profiling studies have led to a better understanding of EPN subtypes and revealed a critical role of oncogenes ZFTA-RELA fusion and EPHB2 in supratentorial ependymoma (ST-EPN). However, the immune system's role in tumor progression and response to therapy remains poorly understood.

Geographic Variation in the Utilization of Services Surrounding Lung Cancer Resection.

Background: As value-based care models continue to gain emphasis, along with the need for improved profiling across the continuum of lung cancer care, a better understanding of geographic variation in utilization of services surrounding episodes of care is needed.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing lung cancer resection from 2017 to 2019, we examined geographic variation in utilization of services surrounding episodes of lung cancer resection. We utilized hierarchical logistic regression models to determine risk-adjusted utilization of services.

Complication Rate of the Nuss Procedure in Adults and Pediatric Patients: National Database Analysis.

Background: Pectus excavatum (PE) is the most common congenital chest wall defect and is characterized by the inward displacement of the sternum and costal cartilages. To date, there are limited data on adult patients undergoing the Nuss procedure for PE. This study aimed to assess the complication rate between the pediatric and adult populations and assess the trends in demographics.

Institutional Experience With Robotic Lobectomy After Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy.

Background: The real-world safety of robotic resections after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy remains poorly defined in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Due to reported increased operative challenges after neoadjuvant immunotherapy, we aim to describe our early institutional experience and outcomes after robotic resection in this clinical context.

Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with non-small cell lung cancer who underwent a robotic lobectomy, comparing patients from June 1, 2022, through October 31, 2023, who were treated with neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy consistent with the Checkmate-816 protocol and a control group with upfront resection.

ZIC1 is a context-dependent medulloblastoma driver in the rhombic lip.

Transcription factors are frequent cancer driver genes, exhibiting noted specificity based on the precise cell of origin. We demonstrate that ZIC1 exhibits loss-of-function (LOF) somatic events in group 4 (G4) medulloblastoma through recurrent point mutations, subchromosomal deletions and mono-allelic epigenetic repression (60% of G4 medulloblastoma). In contrast, highly similar SHH medulloblastoma exhibits distinct and diametrically opposed gain-of-function mutations and copy number gains (20% of SHH medulloblastoma).

Infiltrating plasma cells maintain glioblastoma stem cells through IgG-Tumor binding.

Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive primary brain tumor with glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) enforcing the intra-tumoral hierarchy. Plasma cells (PCs) are critical effectors of the B-lineage immune system, but their roles in glioblastoma remain largely unexplored. Here, we leverage single-cell RNA and B cell receptor sequencing of tumor-infiltrating B-lineage cells and reveal that PCs are aberrantly enriched in the glioblastoma-infiltrating B-lineage population, experience low level of somatic hypermutation, and are associated with poor prognosis.

Lobectomy Is Not Associated With Improved Survival as Compared to Segmentectomy in Early-Stage Lung Cancer Patients With Visceral Pleural Invasion.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to utilize a representative national sample to compare survival outcomes of patients with visceral pleural invasion (VPI) who underwent either a lobectomy or a segmentectomy.

Methods: National Cancer Database from 2010 to 2019 was utilized. Patients with tumor size ≤ 2 cm, with VPI, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with a known vital status were included in the study.

Protocol for live-cell imaging of immune synapse formation and activation of CAR T cells against cancer cells.

Immune synapse (IS) formation determines T cell antitumor activity. Here, we present a protocol for characterizing the IS formation between chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and tumor cells by measuring the IS size and calcium flux by live-cell imaging. We describe steps for CAR T cell manufacturing, sample preparation, image acquisition, and data analysis.

A peptide encoded by upstream open reading frame of binds to tropomyosin receptor kinase B and promotes glioblastoma growth in mice.

MYC promotes tumor growth through multiple mechanisms. Here, we show that, in human glioblastomas, the variant transcript encodes a 114-amino acid peptide, MYC pre-mRNA encoded protein (MPEP), from the upstream open reading frame (uORF) . Secreted MPEP promotes patient-derived xenograft tumor growth in vivo, independent of MYC through direct binding, and activation of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TRKB), which induces downstream AKT-mTOR signaling.

Dominant Malignant Clones Leverage Lineage Restricted Epigenomic Programs to Drive Ependymoma Development.

Unlabelled: ZFTA-RELA is the most recurrent genetic alteration seen in pediatric supratentorial ependymoma (EPN) and is sufficient to initiate tumors in mice. Despite ZFTA-RELA's potent oncogenic potential, gene fusions are observed exclusively in childhood EPN, with tumors located distinctly in the supratentorial region of the central nervous system (CNS). We hypothesized that specific chromatin modules accessible during brain development would render distinct cell lineage programs at direct risk of transformation by ZFTA-RELA.

Histone serotonylation regulates ependymoma tumorigenesis.

Bidirectional communication between tumours and neurons has emerged as a key facet of the tumour microenvironment that drives malignancy. Another hallmark feature of cancer is epigenomic dysregulation, in which alterations in gene expression influence cell states and interactions with the tumour microenvironment. Ependymoma (EPN) is a paediatric brain tumour that relies on epigenomic remodelling to engender malignancy; however, how these epigenetic mechanisms intersect with extrinsic neuronal signalling during EPN tumour progression is unknown.

Correction: Novel aerosol treatment of airway hyper-reactivity and inflammation in a murine model of asthma with a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.