The Effect of Locking Head Inserts on the Biomechanical Properties of a 3.5-mm Broad Locking Compression Plate When Used in an Open Fracture-Gap Model.

Objective:  To determine the effect of locking head inserts (LHI) on plate strain, stiffness, and deformation when applied to a 3.5-mm broad locking compression plate (LCP) in an open fracture-gap model.

Study Design:  Six, 13-hole, 3.

Comparative Electroencephalographic Profile of a New Anesthetic and Anticonvulsant That Is Selective for the GABA A R Slow Receptor Subtype.

Background: Anesthetics like propofol increase electroencephalography (EEG) power in delta frequencies (0.1-4 Hz), with a decrease of power in bandwidths >30 Hz. Propofol is nonselective for gamma amino butyric acid type A receptor subtypes (GABA A R) as it enhances all 3 GABA A R subtypes (slow, fast, and tonic).

A robot-rodent interaction arena with adjustable spatial complexity for ethologically relevant behavioral studies.

Outside of the laboratory, animals behave in spaces where they can transition between open areas and coverage as they interact with others. Replicating these conditions in the laboratory can be difficult to control and record. This has led to a dominance of relatively simple, static behavioral paradigms that reduce the ethological relevance of behaviors and may alter the engagement of cognitive processes such as planning and decision-making.

Cannabinoids in Treating Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting, Cancer-Associated Pain, and Tumor Growth.

Cannabis has been used as an herbal remedy for thousands of years, and recent research indicates promising new uses in medicine. So far, some studies have shown cannabinoids to be safe in helping mitigate some cancer-associated complications, including chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, cancer-associated pain, and tumor growth. Researchers have been particularly interested in the potential uses of cannabinoids in treating cancer due to their ability to regulate cancer-related cell cycle pathways, prompting many beneficial effects, such as tumor growth prevention, cell cycle obstruction, and cell death.

Evolution: Blinking through deep time.

Terrestrial vertebrates blink, but most aquatic vertebrates do not. How and why did blinking evolve? A recent study looks at this through the eyes of a mudskipper, fish that stay on land for long periods and blink.

Quality of life in young people with limb loss: a systematic review.

Purpose: Life after any amputation can be significantly altered and can have a significant impact on quality of life (QoL). However, most of the evidence base involves older aged amputees, therefore there is a lack of understanding about the impact of amputation on QoL and the factors that predict QoL in younger amputees. The aim of this review is to identify the factors that predict QoL in young amputees.

Missing Puzzle Pieces in Dementia Research: HCN Channels and Theta Oscillations.

Increasing evidence indicates a role of hyperpolarization activated cation (HCN) channels in controlling the resting membrane potential, pacemaker activity, memory formation, sleep, and arousal. Their disfunction may be associated with the development of epilepsy and age-related memory decline. Neuronal hyperexcitability involved in epileptogenesis and EEG desynchronization occur in the course of dementia in human Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and animal models, nevertheless the underlying ionic and cellular mechanisms of these effects are not well understood.

Spinal Basis of Direction Control during Locomotion in Larval Zebrafish.

Navigation requires steering and propulsion, but how spinal circuits contribute to direction control during ongoing locomotion is not well understood. Here, we use drifting vertical gratings to evoke directed "fictive" swimming in intact but immobilized larval zebrafish while performing electrophysiological recordings from spinal neurons. We find that directed swimming involves unilateral changes in the duration of motor output and increased recruitment of motor neurons, without impacting the timing of spiking across or along the body.

Electronic Energy Migration in Microtubules.

The repeating arrangement of tubulin dimers confers great mechanical strength to microtubules, which are used as scaffolds for intracellular macromolecular transport in cells and exploited in biohybrid devices. The crystalline order in a microtubule, with lattice constants short enough to allow energy transfer between amino acid chromophores, is similar to synthetic structures designed for light harvesting. After photoexcitation, can these amino acid chromophores transfer excitation energy along the microtubule like a natural or artificial light-harvesting system? Here, we use tryptophan autofluorescence lifetimes to probe energy hopping between aromatic residues in tubulin and microtubules.

Treatment of a cystocele in a female dog 3 days after whelping.

A case of a cystocele is reported in a 3-year-old intact female Doberman pinscher. The urinary bladder and vaginal body were reduced within the abdominal cavity and secured by cystopexy and cervicopexy allowing the uterus and ovaries to be spared. This is the first report describing the surgery for a cystocele in a young female dog 3 days after whelping, with sparing of the reproductive tract.

Consciousness and inward electromagnetic field interactions.

Electromagnetic field (EMF) theories of mind/brain integration have been proposed to explain brain function for over seventy years. Interest in this theory continues to this day because it explains mind-brain integration and it offers a simple solution to the "binding problem" of our unified conscious experience. Thus, it addresses at least in part the "hard problem" of consciousness.

A three-dimensional (3D), serum-free, Collagen Type I system for chondrogenesis of canine bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells (cMSCs).

The dog is an underrepresented large animal translational model for orthopedic cell-based tissue engineering. While chondrogenic differentiation of canine multipotent stromal cells (cMSCs) has been reported using the classic micromass technique, cMSCs respond inconsistently to this method. The objectives of this study were to develop a three-dimensional (3D), serum-free, Collagen Type I system to facilitate cMSC chondrogenesis and, once established, to determine the effect of chondrogenic growth factors on cMSC chondrogenesis.

The neuroecology of the water-to-land transition and the evolution of the vertebrate brain.

The water-to-land transition in vertebrate evolution offers an unusual opportunity to consider computational affordances of a new ecology for the brain. All sensory modalities are changed, particularly a greatly enlarged visual sensorium owing to air versus water as a medium, and expanded by mobile eyes and neck. The multiplication of limbs, as evolved to exploit aspects of life on land, is a comparable computational challenge.

Lamotrigine Attenuates Neuronal Excitability, Depresses GABA Synaptic Inhibition, and Modulates Theta Rhythms in Rat Hippocampus.

Theta oscillations generated in hippocampal (HPC) and cortical neuronal networks are involved in various aspects of brain function, including sensorimotor integration, movement planning, memory formation and attention. Disruptions of theta rhythms are present in individuals with brain disorders, including epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. Theta rhythm generation involves a specific interplay between cellular (ion channel) and network (synaptic) mechanisms.

Ketamine Produces a Long-Lasting Enhancement of CA1 Neuron Excitability.

Ketamine is a clinical anesthetic and antidepressant. Although ketamine is a known NMDA receptor antagonist, the mechanisms contributing to antidepression are unclear. This present study examined the loci and duration of ketamine's actions, and the involvement of NMDA receptors.

Evaluation of concurrent perineal hernia in adult male dogs presenting with nontraumatic, acquired inguinal hernias.

A possible association between the development of nontraumatic, acquired inguinal hernias (NAIH) and perineal hernias (PH) has been postulated in adult dogs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of concurrent diagnosis of PH in dogs presented with NAIH and determine potential risk factors for concurrent PH and NAIH. Medical records of adult male dogs presented for NAIH to 4 hospitals between 2007 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed.

Formalizing planning and information search in naturalistic decision-making.

Decisions made by mammals and birds are often temporally extended. They require planning and sampling of decision-relevant information. Our understanding of such decision-making remains in its infancy compared with simpler, forced-choice paradigms.

Pre-hospital use of early warning scores to improve detection and outcomes of sepsis.

Sepsis is a life-threatening complication from infection. The early detection of sepsis pre-hospital is challenging. Early warning scores (EWS) are used in hospitals to identify deteriorating patients.

Intersection of motor volumes predicts the outcome of ambush predation of larval zebrafish.

Escape maneuvers are key determinants of animal survival and are under intense selection pressure. A number of escape maneuver parameters contribute to survival, including response latency, escape speed and direction. However, the relative importance of these parameters is context dependent, suggesting that interactions between parameters and predatory context determine the likelihood of escape success.

Offline comparison of processed electroencephalogram monitors for anaesthetic-induced electroencephalogram changes in older adults.

Background: Several devices record and interpret patient brain activity via electroencephalogram (EEG) to aid physician assessment of anaesthetic effect. Few studies have compared EEG monitors on data from the same patient. Here, we describe a set-up to simultaneously compare the performance of three processed EEG monitors using pre-recorded EEG signals from older surgical patients.

Molecular Diversity of Anesthetic Actions Is Evident in Electroencephalogram Effects in Humans and Animals.

Anesthetic agents cause unique electroencephalogram (EEG) activity resulting from actions on their diverse molecular targets. Typically to produce balanced anesthesia in the clinical setting, several anesthetic and adjuvant agents are combined. This creates challenges for the clinical use of intraoperative EEG monitoring, because computational approaches are mostly limited to spectral analyses and different agents and combinations produce different EEG responses.

Tuning movement for sensing in an uncertain world.

While animals track or search for targets, sensory organs make small unexplained movements on top of the primary task-related motions. While multiple theories for these movements exist-in that they support infotaxis, gain adaptation, spectral whitening, and high-pass filtering-predicted trajectories show poor fit to measured trajectories. We propose a new theory for these movements called energy-constrained proportional betting, where the probability of moving to a location is proportional to an expectation of how informative it will be balanced against the movement's predicted energetic cost.

Publisher Correction: Spatial planning with long visual range benefits escape from visual predators in complex naturalistic environments.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Spatial planning with long visual range benefits escape from visual predators in complex naturalistic environments.

It is uncontroversial that land animals have more elaborated cognitive abilities than their aquatic counterparts such as fish. Yet there is no apparent a-priori reason for this. A key cognitive faculty is planning.