Improving difficult peripheral intravenous access requires thought, training and technology (DART): a stepped-wedge, cluster randomised controlled trial protocol.

Background: Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are the most used invasive medical device in healthcare. Yet around half of insertion attempts are unsuccessful leading to delayed medical treatments and patient discomfort of harm. Ultrasound-guided PIVC (USGPIVC) insertion is an evidence-based intervention shown to improve insertion success especially in patients with Difficult IntraVenous Access (BMC Health Serv Res 22:220, 2022), however the implementation in some healthcare settings remains suboptimal.

The Impact of Phenotypic Heterogeneity on Chemotactic Self-Organisation.

The capacity to aggregate through chemosensitive movement forms a paradigm of self-organisation, with examples spanning cellular and animal systems. A basic mechanism assumes a phenotypically homogeneous population that secretes its own attractant, with the well known system introduced more than five decades ago by Keller and Segel proving resolutely popular in modelling studies. The typical assumption of population phenotypic homogeneity, however, often lies at odds with the heterogeneity of natural systems, where populations may comprise distinct phenotypes that vary according to their chemotactic ability, attractant secretion, etc.

Quality measurement and surveillance platforms in critically ill children: A scoping review.

Background/aim: The objective of this study was to describe current surveillance platforms which support routine quality measurement in paediatric critical care.

Method: Scoping review. The search strategy consisted of a traditional database and grey literature search as well as expert consultation.

Patient blood management in critically ill children undergoing cardiac surgery: A cohort study.

Objective: The objective of this study was to audit current patient blood management practice in children throughout cardiac surgery and paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission.

Design: This was a prospective observational cohort study.

Setting: This was a single-centre study in the cardiac operating room (OR) and PICU in a major tertiary children's hospital in Australia.

Improving peripheral venous cannula insertion in children: a mixed methods study to develop the DIVA key.

Objective: To develop and validate a difficult intravenous access risk assessment and escalation pathway, to increase first time intravenous insertion success in paediatrics.

Methods: Mixed methods underpinned by literature and co-production principles. Iterative development of the instrument was informed through semi-structured interviews and stakeholder workshops.

Comparison of midline catheters and peripherally inserted central catheters to reduce the need for general anesthesia in children with respiratory disease: A feasibility randomized controlled trial.

Background: The optimal intravenous device for antibiotic administration for children with respiratory disease is uncertain. We assessed the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial comparing midline catheters with peripherally inserted central catheters.

Methods: Prospective, two-arm, feasibility randomized controlled trial in an Australian tertiary, pediatric hospital.

A hybrid discrete-continuum approach to model Turing pattern formation.

Since its introduction in 1952, with a further refinement in 1972 by Gierer and Meinhardt, Turing's (pre-)pattern theory (the chemical basis of morphogenesis) has been widely applied to a number of areas in developmental biology, where evolving cell and tissue structures are naturally observed. The related pattern formation models normally comprise a system of reaction-diffusion equations for interacting chemical species (morphogens), whose heterogeneous distribution in some spatial domain acts as a template for cells to form some kind of pattern or structure through, for example, differentiation or proliferation induced by the chemical pre-pattern. Here we develop a hybrid discrete-continuum modelling framework for the formation of cellular patterns via the Turing mechanism.

From a discrete model of chemotaxis with volume-filling to a generalized Patlak-Keller-Segel model.

We present a discrete model of chemotaxis whereby cells responding to a chemoattractant are seen as individual agents whose movement is described through a set of rules that result in a biased random walk. In order to take into account possible alterations in cellular motility observed at high cell densities (i.e.

Low-cost hyper-spectral imaging system using a linear variable bandpass filter for agritech applications.

Hyperspectral imaging for agricultural applications provides a solution for non-destructive, large-area crop monitoring. However, current products are bulky and expensive due to complicated optics and electronics. A linear variable filter was developed for implementation into a prototype hyperspectral imaging camera that demonstrates good spectral performance between 450 and 900 nm.

Quantitative Predictive Modelling Approaches to Understanding Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Brief Review.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that is a major public health challenge. The disease is characterised by inflammation of synovial joints and cartilage erosion, which lead to chronic pain, poor life quality and, in some cases, mortality. Understanding the biological mechanisms behind the progression of the disease, as well as developing new methods for quantitative predictions of disease progression in the presence/absence of various therapies is important for the success of therapeutic approaches.

A stochastic individual-based model to explore the role of spatial interactions and antigen recognition in the immune response against solid tumours.

Spatial interactions between cancer and immune cells, as well as the recognition of tumour antigens by cells of the immune system, play a key role in the immune response against solid tumours. The existing mathematical models generally focus only on one of these key aspects. We present here a spatial stochastic individual-based model that explicitly captures antigen expression and recognition.

Difficult Peripheral Venous Access in Children: An International Survey and Critical Appraisal of Assessment Tools and Escalation Pathways.

Background: Peripheral venous cannulation is considered a routine procedure, yet 50% of first attempt insertions fail, necessitating repeat insertion attempts. Identification of children with difficult intravenous access (DIVA) can help promote prompt escalation to an appropriately skilled clinician.

Objective: To describe current international practice regarding the identification and management of children with DIVA, and to systematically review clinical tools and clinical pathways for children with DIVA.

Innovation in Central Venous Access Device Security: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial in Pediatric Critical Care.

Objectives: Central venous access devices enable many treatments during critical illness; however, 25% of pediatric central venous access devices fail before completion of treatment due to infection, thrombosis, dislodgement, and occlusion. This is frequently attributed to inadequate securement and dressing of the device; however, high-quality research evaluating pediatric central venous access device securement innovation to prevent central venous access device failure is scarce. This study aimed to establish the feasibility of a definitive randomized control trial examining the effectiveness of current and new technologies to secure central venous access devices in pediatrics.

Insertion, management, and complications associated with arterial catheters in paediatric intensive care: A clinical audit.

Introduction: Peripheral arterial catheters (PAC) are used for haemodynamic monitoring and blood sampling in paediatric critical care. Limited data are available regarding PAC insertion and management practices, and how they relate to device function and failure. This information is necessary to inform future interventional research.

Bridging the gap between individual-based and continuum models of growing cell populations.

Continuum models for the spatial dynamics of growing cell populations have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underpinning tissue development and tumour invasion. These models consist of nonlinear partial differential equations that describe the evolution of cellular densities in response to pressure gradients generated by population growth. Little prior work has explored the relation between such continuum models and related single-cell-based models.

Building a Global, Pediatric Vascular Access Registry: A Scoping Review of Trial Outcomes and Quality Indicators to Inform Evidence-Based Practice.

Background: Internationally, there is a lack of comparative vascular access (VA) data for pediatric clinicians and organizations to benchmark outcomes, evaluate quality initiatives, and improve practice. A VA registry is needed to address these knowledge and data capture gaps.

Objectives: To determine the range and heterogeneity of VA outcome measures or quality indicators reported in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical registries, to inform development of a homogeneous, reliable, minimum dataset for a pediatric VA registry.

Modelling the Immune Response to Cancer: An Individual-Based Approach Accounting for the Difference in Movement Between Inactive and Activated T Cells.

A growing body of experimental evidence indicates that immune cells move in an unrestricted search pattern if they are in the pre-activated state, whilst they tend to stay within a more restricted area upon activation induced by the presence of tumour antigens. This change in movement is not often considered in the existing mathematical models of the interactions between immune cells and cancer cells. With the aim to fill such a gap in the existing literature, in this work we present a spatially structured individual-based model of tumour-immune competition that takes explicitly into account the difference in movement between inactive and activated immune cells.

Equipping community pharmacy workers as agents for health behaviour change: developing and testing a theory-based smoking cessation intervention.

Objective: To develop a complex intervention for community pharmacy staff to promote uptake of smoking cessation services and to increase quit rates.

Design: Following the Medical Research Council framework, we used a mixed-methods approach to develop, pilot and then refine the intervention.

Methods: : We used information from qualitative studies in pharmacies, systematic literature reviews and the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behaviour framework to inform design of the initial version of the intervention.

What works for whom in pharmacist-led smoking cessation support: realist review.

Background: New models of primary care are needed to address funding and staffing pressures. We addressed the research question "what works for whom in what circumstances in relation to the role of community pharmacies in providing lifestyle interventions to support smoking cessation?"

Methods: This is a realist review conducted according to RAMESES standards. We began with a sample of 103 papers included in a quantitative review of community pharmacy intervention trials identified through systematic searching of seven databases.

Achieving and sustaining profound institutional change in healthcare: case study using neo-institutional theory.

Change efforts in healthcare sometimes have an ambitious, whole-system remit and seek to achieve fundamental changes in norms and organisational culture rather than (or as well as) restructuring the service. Long-term evaluation of such initiatives is rarely undertaken. We report a secondary analysis of data from an evaluation of a profound institutional change effort in London, England, using a mixed-method longitudinal case study design.

"If we build it, will it stay?" A case study of the sustainability of whole-system change in London.

Context: The long-term sustainability of whole-system change programs is rarely studied, and when it is, it is inevitably undertaken in a shifting context, thereby raising epistemological and methodological questions. This article describes a transferable methodology that was developed to guide the evaluation of a three-year follow-up of a large health care change program in London, which took place during a period of economic turbulence and rapid policy change.

Method: Using a mixed-method organizational case study design, we studied three services (stroke, kidney, and sexual health) across primary and secondary care.

Job satisfaction of nurses in a Saudi Arabian university teaching hospital: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Saudi Arabia is developing very fast in all disciplines, especially in nursing and health. Only about five studies between 1990 and 2010 have been undertaken in Saudi Arabia concerning factors influencing job satisfaction of nurses, although a body of knowledge exists globally.

Aim: The purpose of this research was to measure nurses' job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia in a university teaching hospital and to determine the influencing factors.

A new workforce in the making? A case study of strategic human resource management in a whole-system change effort in healthcare.

Purpose: This paper seeks to describe the exploration of human resource issues in one large-scale program of innovation in healthcare. It is informed by established theories of management in the workplace and a multi-level model of diffusion of innovations.

Design/methodology/approach: A realist approach was used based on interviews, ethnographic observation and documentary analysis.