Charting the evolutionary path of the SUMO modification system in plants reveals molecular hardwiring of development to stress adaptation.

SUMO modification is part of the spectrum of Ubiquitin-like (UBL) systems that give rise to proteoform complexity through post-translational modifications (PTMs). Proteoforms are essential modifiers of cell signaling for plant adaptation to changing environments. Exploration of the evolutionary emergence of Ubiquitin-like (UBL) systems unveils their origin from prokaryotes, where it is linked to the mechanisms that enable sulfur uptake into biomolecules.

Virus-Mediated Transient Expression Techniques Enable Gene Function Studies in Black-Grass.

Virus-mediated transient expression techniques create loss- and gain-of-function mutations in black-grass with genotype specificity and measurable changes in herbicide resistance.