Interventions to improve tolerability of local anesthetic intradetrusor Botulinum toxin injections: A systematic review.

Introduction: Intradetrusor BotulinumtoxinA (BTA) injections are recommended for patients with overactive bladder (OAB) refractory to lifestyle changes and medical intervention. It is preferable to perform injections using a flexible cystoscope under local anesthetic (LA) rather than under spinal or general anesthetic owing to the associated anesthetic risks, increased costs, and need for repeated inpatient admission. Injections under LA can be difficult to tolerate for some patients.

Aphantasia, dysikonesia, anauralia: call for a single term for the lack of mental imagery-Commentary on Dance et al. (2021) and Hinwar and Lambert (2021).

Recently, the term 'aphantasia' has become current in scientific and public discourse to denote the absence of mental imagery. However, new terms for aphantasia or its subgroups have recently been proposed, e.g.

After the Storm: Inter-disciplinary Dialogic Discourses With a Post-Fishing Community.

This paper is a critical evaluation of a unique approach to working with disadvantaged communities, which involves inter-disciplinary collaboration between an Applied Theater (AT) director and a sociologist. The application of the approach, in a community disadvantaged by the loss of industry, provides the case study basis for the evaluation. Between 2014 and 2017 community participants from Eyemouth, southeast Scotland, worked with an artistic team led by director Fiona MacPherson, and a sociologist, Carol Stephenson, to develop a creative performance of the town's fishing disaster of 1881.

The neural correlates of visual imagery: A co-ordinate-based meta-analysis.

Visual imagery is a form of sensory imagination, involving subjective experiences typically described as similar to perception, but which occur in the absence of corresponding external stimuli. We used the Activation Likelihood Estimation algorithm (ALE) to identify regions consistently activated by visual imagery across 40 neuroimaging studies, the first such meta-analysis. We also employed a recently developed multi-modal parcellation of the human brain to attribute stereotactic co-ordinates to one of 180 anatomical regions, the first time this approach has been combined with the ALE algorithm.

On Picturing a Candle: The Prehistory of Imagery Science.

The past 25 years have seen a rapid growth of knowledge about brain mechanisms involved in visual mental imagery. These advances have largely been made independently of the long history of philosophical - and even psychological - reckoning with imagery and its parent concept 'imagination'. We suggest that the view from these empirical findings can be widened by an appreciation of imagination's intellectual history, and we seek to show how that history both created the conditions for - and presents challenges to - the scientific endeavor.

The relationship between cognitive penetration and predictive coding.

If beliefs and desires affect perception-at least in certain specified ways-then cognitive penetration occurs. Whether it occurs is a matter of controversy. Recently, some proponents of the predictive coding account of perception have claimed that the account entails that cognitive penetrations occurs.

The structure of experience, the nature of the visual, and type 2 blindsight.

Unlike those with type 1 blindsight, people who have type 2 blindsight have some sort of consciousness of the stimuli in their blind field. What is the nature of that consciousness? Is it visual experience? I address these questions by considering whether we can establish the existence of any structural-necessary-features of visual experience. I argue that it is very difficult to establish the existence of any such features.

The diagnostic value of fine needle aspiration in parotid lumps.

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a safe and quick method of diagnosing superficial lumps, which aids preoperative planning. However, FNA of the parotid gland has not gained the widespread acceptance noted in other head and neck lumps. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of FNA of the parotid gland to differentiate benign and malignant disease, and to determine the impact on surgical outcome.

Impact of an immunization education program on middle school adolescents.

Objectives: To raise middle school student awareness, attitudes, and proactive behaviors about immunization, and to increase immunization rates among middle school students through implementation of a comprehensive integrated immunization promotion curriculum (Immunization Plus!)

Methods: Evaluation used a quasi-experimental non-equivalent comparison-groups design conducted in a sample of 40 classrooms in 22 schools in California.

Results: Sixth-grade students exposed to the curriculum developed more positive knowledge and attitudes, and were more likely to be immunized, to intend to obtain newly required immunizations, and to tell parents about immunizations.

Conclusion: Infectious disease control and immunizations are under-developed subject areas within school-based health promotion in the United States that can be effectively taught to middle school students.

Future financial neonatal shock.

In a changing economic climate, the neonatologist must be aware of all of the forces that can affect the practice of neonatology. In addition to clinical issues, billing and reimbursement must take into account physician work and common procedural terminology (CPT) codes, which accurately describe the medical services and procedures delivered. An understanding of this coding and resource-based work unit system is necessary to prevent financial loss.

Comparison of eating disorders and other dietary/weight groups on measures of perceived control, assertiveness, self-esteem, and self-directed hostility.

Anorexic and bulimic patients were compared to obese dieters, nonobese dieters, and normal controls on measures of perceived control, assertiveness, self-esteem, self-directed hostility, and psychiatric caseness. The anorexic and bulimic groups both scored significantly differently in the expected direction from the other three groups on all measures. There were no significant differences between the anorexic and bulimic groups and in turn, no significant differences among the obese, nonobese dieters, and normal controls.

Angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan has persistent effects on blood pressure in the young spontaneously hypertensive rat: lack of relation to vascular structure.

The persistent effects on blood pressure of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan and the converting enzyme inhibitor captopril were compared in the young spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Losartan (DuP753/MK954, 15 mg/kg/day) and captopril (100 mg/kg/day) were given in the drinking water of 3-week-old SHRs for 4- and 10-week durations. Blood pressure was measured during treatment and after treatment was stopped until the age of 30 weeks.

Structural changes during the early onset of experimental hypertension: trophic influences of the renin-angiotensin system.

All forms of established hypertension are characterised by hypertrophy of the heart and blood vessels. Although these structural alterations are a normal adaptation to raised blood pressure, it has been suggested that hypertrophy may develop by a mechanism independent of pressure. Some investigators claim that in the young spontaneously hypertensive rat, hypertrophy of the blood vessels and heart is present at a time before the rise in pressure.

Angiotensin II causes vascular hypertrophy in part by a non-pressor mechanism.

Angiotensin II, when given in low doses, raises blood pressure slowly. When tested in vitro on vascular smooth muscle cells, it has mitogenic and trophic effects; it is not known if it has these effects in vivo. Our purpose was to determine whether vascular hypertrophy develops during slow pressor infusion of angiotensin II and, if so, whether it is pressure induced.

Brief angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor treatment in young spontaneously hypertensive rats reduces blood pressure long-term.

Our study examines the long-term cardiovascular effects after a brief period of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor treatment in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). SHR were treated with perindopril (3 mg/kg/day) by gavage from 2 to 6, from 6 to 10, or from 2 to 10 weeks of age. Systolic blood pressure was measured in the tail weekly until 25 weeks of age.

Vascular hypertrophy, renin and blood pressure in the young spontaneously hypertensive rat.

1. Cardiovascular reactivity, blood vessel morphology, blood pressure and the activity of the renin-angiotensin system were determined in the 3-week-old spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and outbred Wistar (WIS) rat. 2.

Failure of chronic administration of growth hormone to affect blood pressure, vascular reactivity and sodium metabolism in normal rats.

To examine the effects of exogenous growth hormone on the cardiovascular system and sodium metabolism, ovine growth hormone was given daily to female rats for 5 weeks. Growth hormone resulted in a significant increase in body mass compared with controls. However, blood pressure in the treated rats was not significantly different from that in controls.

Sensorimotor intelligence in severely mentally handicapped children.

The pattern of cognitive development in severely mentally handicapped children was assessed with the Uzgiris-Hunt (1975) Scales of Infant Psychological Development, which measure pre-verbal sensorimotor intelligence. The normative data on which Uzgiris & Hunt constructed the Scales were used for the comparison. The results indicated considerable deficits in the handicapped children, particularly in imitation.