Development of a continuous cell line from larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and its use in the study of the microsporidian, Loma morhua.

In vitro cell culture methods are crucial for the isolation, purification and mass propagation of intracellular pathogens of aquatic organisms. Cell culture infection models can yield insights into infection mechanisms, aid in developing methods for disease mitigation and prevention, and inform commercial-scale cultivation approaches. This study details the establishment of a larval cell line (GML-5) from the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and its use in the study of microsporidia.

Feasibility study to assess the delivery of a lifestyle intervention (TreatWELL) for patients with colorectal cancer undergoing potentially curative treatment.

Objectives: To assess the feasibility of delivering and evaluating a lifestyle programme for patients with colorectal cancer undergoing potentially curative treatments.

Study Design: Non-randomised feasibility trial.

Setting: National Health Service (NHS) Tayside.

Practice patterns and outcomes after stroke across countries at different economic levels (INTERSTROKE): an international observational study.

Background: Stroke disproportionately affects people in low-income and middle-income countries. Although improvements in stroke care and outcomes have been reported in high-income countries, little is known about practice and outcomes in low and middle-income countries. We aimed to compare patterns of care available and their association with patient outcomes across countries at different economic levels.

Small vessels, dementia and chronic diseases - molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology.

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a major contributor to stroke, cognitive impairment and dementia with limited therapeutic interventions. There is a critical need to provide mechanistic insight and improve translation between pre-clinical research and the clinic. A 2-day workshop was held which brought together experts from several disciplines in cerebrovascular disease, dementia and cardiovascular biology, to highlight current advances in these fields, explore synergies and scope for development.

Effect size and statistical power in the rodent fear conditioning literature - A systematic review.

Proposals to increase research reproducibility frequently call for focusing on effect sizes instead of p values, as well as for increasing the statistical power of experiments. However, it is unclear to what extent these two concepts are indeed taken into account in basic biomedical science. To study this in a real-case scenario, we performed a systematic review of effect sizes and statistical power in studies on learning of rodent fear conditioning, a widely used behavioral task to evaluate memory.

NXY-059, a Failed Stroke Neuroprotectant, Offers No Protection to Stem Cell-Derived Human Neurons.

Background: Developing new medicines is a complex process where understanding the reasons for both failure and success takes us forward. One gap in our understanding of most candidate stroke drugs before clinical trial is whether they have a protective effect on human tissues. NXY-059 is a spin-trap reagent hypothesized to have activity against the damaging oxidative biology which accompanies ischemic stroke.

Deriving in Vivo Bioconcentration Factors of a Mixture of Fragrance Ingredients Using a Single Dietary Exposure and Internal Benchmarking.

Chemicals in mixtures that are hydrophobic with Log K > 4 are potentially bioaccumulative. Here, we evaluate an abbreviated and benchmarked in vivo BCF measurement methodology by exposing rainbow trout to a mixture of eight test chemicals found in fragrance substances and three benchmark chemicals (musk xylene (MX), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and PCB52) via a single contaminated feeding event followed by a 28-day depuration period. Concentrations of HCB and PCB52 in fish did not decline significantly (their apparent depuration rate constants, k, were close to zero), whereas k for MX was 0.

The roles of resident, central and effector memory CD4 T-cells in protective immunity following infection or vaccination.

Immunological memory provides rapid protection to pathogens previously encountered through infection or vaccination. CD4 T-cells play a central role in all adaptive immune responses. Vaccines must, therefore, activate CD4 T-cells if they are to generate protective immunity.

Predicting global scale exposure of humans to PCB 153 from historical emissions.

Predicting human exposure to an environmental contaminant based on its emissions is one of the great challenges of environmental chemistry. It has been done successfully on a local or regional scale for some persistent organic pollutants. Here we assess whether it can be done at a global scale, using PCB 153 as a test chemical.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of topoisomerase inhibition in pre-clinical glioma models.

Malignant glioma is a devastating disease affecting both adults and children with limited treatment strategies. Pre-clinical animal studies are critical to the development and planning of novel treatment designs for human clinical trials. Topoisomerases has been a target of interest in the treatment of high grade gliomas, such as glioblastoma, in the past years.

What does interdisciplinarity look like in practice: Mapping interdisciplinarity and its limits in the environmental sciences.

In this paper we take a close look at current interdisciplinary modeling practices in the environmental sciences, and suggest that closer attention needs to be paid to the nature of scientific practices when investigating and planning interdisciplinarity. While interdisciplinarity is often portrayed as a medium of novel and transformative methodological work, current modeling strategies in the environmental sciences are conservative, avoiding methodological conflict, while confining interdisciplinary interactions to a relatively small set of pre-existing modeling frameworks and strategies (a process we call crystallization). We argue that such practices can be rationalized as responses in part to cognitive constraints which restrict interdisciplinary work.

'It's complicated': Staff nurse perceptions of their influence on nursing students' learning. A qualitative descriptive study.

Background: During both teacher-led clinical practica and precepted practica, students interact with, and learn from, staff nurses who work on the clinical units. It is understood that learning in clinical practice is enhanced by positive interactions between staff nurses and nursing students. While much is known about preceptors' experiences of working with nursing students, there is little evidence to date about staff nurses' perspectives of their interactions with students in teacher-led practica.

Development of a novel scoring system for identifying emerging chemical risks in the food chain.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is responsible for risk assessment of all aspects of food safety, including the establishment of procedures aimed at the identification of emerging risks to food safety. Here, a scoring system was developed for identifying chemicals registered under the European REACH Regulation that could be of potential concern in the food chain using the following parameters: (i) environmental release based on maximum aggregated tonnages and environmental release categories; (ii) biodegradation in the environment; (iii) bioaccumulation and in vivo and in vitro toxicity. The screening approach was tested on 100 data-rich chemicals registered under the REACH Regulation at aggregated volumes of at least 1000 tonnes per annum.

Feasibility study to assess the impact of a lifestyle intervention ('LivingWELL') in people having an assessment of their family history of colorectal or breast cancer.

Objectives: To assess the feasibility of delivering and evaluating a weight management (WM) programme for overweight patients with a family history (FH) of breast cancer (BC) or colorectal cancer (CRC).

Study Design: A two-arm (intervention vs usual care) randomised controlled trial.

Setting: National Health Service (NHS) Tayside and NHS Grampian.

Cancer prevention-the feasibility and acceptability of promoting breast cancer risk reduction in the screening setting through a lifestyle magazine.

Cancer prevention and early detection strategies are fundamental to reducing breast cancer burden. Offering prevention guidance on modifiable risk factors within early detection settings is rare. We aimed to evaluate the acceptability of a magazine focused on lifestyle and cancer prevention for use in breast screening clinics.

Facilitating healthcare decisions by assessing the certainty in the evidence from preclinical animal studies.

Laboratory animal studies are used in a wide range of human health related research areas, such as basic biomedical research, drug research, experimental surgery and environmental health. The results of these studies can be used to inform decisions regarding clinical research in humans, for example the decision to proceed to clinical trials. If the research question relates to potential harms with no expectation of benefit (e.

Environmental fate and exposure models: advances and challenges in 21 century chemical risk assessment.

Environmental fate and exposure models are a powerful means to integrate information on chemicals, their partitioning and degradation behaviour, the environmental scenario and the emissions in order to compile a picture of chemical distribution and fluxes in the multimedia environment. A 1995 pioneering book, resulting from a series of workshops among model developers and users, reported the main advantages and identified needs for research in the field of multimedia fate models. Considerable efforts were devoted to their improvement in the past 25 years and many aspects were refined; notably the inclusion of nanomaterials among the modelled substances, the development of models at different spatial and temporal scales, the estimation of chemical properties and emission data, the incorporation of additional environmental media and processes, the integration of sensitivity and uncertainty analysis in the simulations.

Modeling complexity: cognitive constraints and computational model-building in integrative systems biology.

Modern integrative systems biology defines itself by the complexity of the problems it takes on through computational modeling and simulation. However in integrative systems biology computers do not solve problems alone. Problem solving depends as ever on human cognitive resources.

A critical assessment of the environmental fate of linear and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes using multimedia fugacity models.

We apply multimedia models to systematically evaluate the fate profile of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) D, D and D, and the linear VMS L and L using recently reported measurements of their partition ratios between organic carbon and water (K), their salting out constants (K), and their enthalpy of sorption to organic carbon (ΔH). Our assessment follows a multi-stage strategy where the environmental fate of the chemicals is explored in generic regional models with increasing fidelity to the real system and in a region-specific model. Modeled emissions of VMS to air remained in air and were degraded or advected out of the system with overall residence times ranging from 2.

In Silico Screening-Level Prioritization of 8468 Chemicals Produced in OECD Countries to Identify Potential Planetary Boundary Threats.

Legislation such as the Stockholm Convention and REACH aim to identify and regulate the production and use of chemicals that qualify as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) chemicals, respectively. Recently, a series of studies on planetary boundary threats proposed seven chemical hazard profiles that are distinct from the POP and vPvB profiles. We previously defined two exposure-based hazard profiles; airborne persistent contaminants (APCs) and waterborne persistent contaminants (WPCs) that correspond to two profiles of chemicals that are planetary boundary threats.

Correction: D-galactose-induced brain ageing model: A systematic review and meta-analysis on cognitive outcomes and oxidative stress indices.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Promotes the Persistence of Activated CD4 T Cells in Inflamed Sites.

Inflammation can be protective or pathogenic depending on context and timeframe. Acute inflammation, including the accumulation of CD4 T cells, accompanies protective immune responses to pathogens, but the presence of activated CD4 T cells at sites of inflammation is associated with chronic inflammatory disease. While significant progress has been made in understanding the migration of CD4 T cells into inflamed sites, the signals that lead to their persistence are poorly characterized.

Statistical analysis plan for the EuroHYP-1 trial: European multicentre, randomised, phase III clinical trial of the therapeutic hypothermia plus best medical treatment versus best medical treatment alone for acute ischaemic stroke.

Background: Cooling may reduce infarct size and improve neurological outcomes in patients with ischaemic stroke. In phase II trials, cooling awake patients with ischaemic stroke has been shown to be feasible and safe, but the effects in functional outcomes has not yet been investigated in an adequately sized randomised clinical trial.

Methods/design: The EuroHYP-1 trial is a multinational, randomised, superiority phase III clinical trial with masked outcome assessment testing the benefits and harms of therapeutic cooling in awake adult patients with acute ischaemic stroke.