Combined 4-1BB and CD28 costimulation could unleash lymphocytes from immunosuppression induced by adipose derived stem cell soluble products.

Adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) have the potential to differentiate into multiple cell lineages with the capacity to suppress immune cells. However, the exact mechanism of this suppression is not fully understood. We hypothesized that supplying additional lymphocyte costimulation through CD28 and 4-1BB could overturn the inhibitory effect of ASCs.