[Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in Europe].

In all European countries, the rates of death were higher in groups of lower socioeconomic status, but the magnitude of the inequalities between groups of higher and lower socioeconomic status was much larger in some countries than in others. Inequalities in mortality were small in some Southern European countries and very large in most countries in the eastern and Baltic regions. These variations among countries appeared to be attributable in part to causes of death related to smoking or alcohol use or amenable to medical intervention.

Female ever-smoking, education, emancipation and economic development in 19 European countries.

Large differences in ever-smoking rates among women are found between countries and socio-economic groups. This study examined the socio-economic inequalities in female ever-smoking rates in 19 European countries, and explored the association between cross-national differences in these inequalities and economic development and women's emancipation. Data on smoking were derived from national health interview surveys from 19 European countries.

Socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries.

Background: Comparisons among countries can help to identify opportunities for the reduction of inequalities in health. We compared the magnitude of inequalities in mortality and self-assessed health among 22 countries in all parts of Europe.

Methods: We obtained data on mortality according to education level and occupational class from census-based mortality studies.

Identification of socioeconomic groups at increased risk for smoking in European countries: looking beyond educational level.

Educational level is most often used to identify social groups with increased prevalence of smoking. Other indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP) might, however, be equally or even more discriminatory. This study examined the extent to which smoking behavior is related to other socioeconomic indicators in addition to educational level.