Background: The use of anesthetics may result in depression of the hypoxic ventilatory response. Since there are no receptor-specific antagonists for most anesthetics, there is the need for agnostic respiratory stimulants that increase respiratory drive irrespective of its cause. The authors tested whether ENA-001, an agnostic respiratory stimulant that blocks carotid body BK-channels, could restore the hypoxic ventilatory response during propofol infusion.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: Drug-induced respiratory depression is potentially fatal and can be caused by various drugs such as synthetic opioids and tranquilizers. The only class of respiratory depressants that has a specific reversal agent are opioids, such as naloxone. These reversal agents have limited utility in situations of polysubstance ingestion with agents from multiple respiratory depressant classes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOpioids are effective analgesics, but they can have harmful adverse effects, such as addiction and potentially fatal respiratory depression. Naloxone is currently the only available treatment for reversing the negative effects of opioids, including respiratory depression. However, the effectiveness of naloxone, particularly after an opioid overdose, varies depending on the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of the opioid that was overdosed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: In humans, the effect of cannabis on ventilatory control is poorly studied, and consequently, the effect of Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) remains unknown, particularly when THC is combined with an opioid. We studied the effect of THC on breathing without and with oxycodone pretreatment. We hypothesised that THC causes respiratory depression, which is amplified when THC and oxycodone are combined.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Oliceridine is a G protein-biased µ-opioid, a drug class that is associated with less respiratory depression than nonbiased opioids, such as morphine. The authors quantified the respiratory effects of oliceridine and morphine in elderly volunteers. The authors hypothesized that these opioids differ in their pharmacodynamic behavior, measured as effect on ventilation at an extrapolated end-tidal Pco2 at 55 mmHg, V̇E55.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFKetamine is a versatile drug used for many indications and is administered various routes. Here, we report on the pharmacodynamics of sublingual and buccal fast-dissolving oral-thin-films that contain 50 mg of ketamine in a population of healthy male and female volunteers. Twenty volunteers received one or two 50 mg ketamine oral thin films in a crossover design, placed for 10 min sublingually ( = 15) or buccally ( = 5).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFKetamine is administered predominantly the intravenous route for the various indications, including anesthesia, pain relief and treatment of depression. Here we report on the pharmacokinetics of sublingual and buccal fast-dissolving oral-thin-films that contain 50 mg of -ketamine in a population of healthy male and female volunteers. Twenty volunteers received one or two oral thin films on separate occasions in a randomized crossover design.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBuprenorphine is a partial agonist at the mu opioid receptor. Due to its relatively low maximum effect on respiratory depression it is considered by some to be a safe opioid. But it can produce serious respiratory depression, particularly when combined with sedatives such as benzodiazepines.
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